Link between Strategic Management and Leadership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4113 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Realistic Illustration: In 1970  Iceland sprang to life when Malcolm Walker and another bored, young retailer decided to open a shop in an attempt to make their fortunes.   They raised initial capital of just pound;60 to pay one months rent and opened the very first Iceland in Oswestry, Shropshire in November 1970.   In those days, before domestic fridges and freezers became commonplace, Iceland specialised in selling loose frozen food. 1984  Expanding through new store openings and the acquisition of smaller chains, Iceland had 81 stores by 1984. 2010  Iceland again achieved record results for its financial year to March 2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Link between Strategic Management and Leadership" essay for you Create order Ref-www.iceland.co.uk At first the Iceland company start with loose frozen food in a local area, they satisfy their customer, in these present situation the ICELAND use the way to lead their employee,that is their vision and they success. In addition the leader will lead the employees through strategy. Without strategy the leader cannot lead, cannot make their profit. The leader lead their employees how they use their process to lead their employees, these is strategy to reach their goal. The mission is the short, formal written document how the leaders lead their employees, what purpose the leader lead the organization. And leadership is the process how to lead them, this process is strategy.Ref-www.iceland.co.uk Iceland leaders lead their employees for this purpose that is their missions to run their business. To fill up their mission the leader lead employees that is strategy. Objectives, that means the leaders of the company goal. These is the leaders expected what the employees do, how to continue their business, how to act, how they make profit. The Iceland start with loose frozen food, between 1970 to 2011 these 40 years, the key to this success was a strategy of making the business simpler and refocusing on its traditional strengths. The leaders of the Iceland how they continue their all mission, vision, how they act that is strategy to lead their employees to reach their goals. Leadership cannot achieve their objectives without strategic management. 2. Adoption of cause of action: The leader when they implement their rules or activities on their employee to do act that is adoption of cause of action. When a new employee comes to a company, they do not know how to do their activities. Then the leaders give them training how to act, what they have to do to reach their goals. The Icelands leaders always serious about their staff .They always communicate with the employees. They always met the meeting to participate. They making the talking shop where the staff can express their own view about the others services. The Iceland Company provide a leader to take the induction of the new trainee. These is the way how the leader lead their employees to act, these way is the strategy. 3. Navigation of resources There are many resources that the leaders use it on their employees to reach their goal. The resources are, 1. Human Resources 2. Physical Resources 3. Financial Resources. 1. Human Resources: Human resources include interview, hiring the people, training, lay off. In any organization the leader utilize the all human resources. In Iceland, the leader at first advertises the vacancies on internet. Then they take the interview for recruitment. After recruitment they give them induction how to work in properly in this company. After 3 weeks then the leader select them properly who is the perfect for these job in Iceland. These all resources are all written document. In human resources lay off is very important thing like the employees contract of employment, after finishing the induction successfully the leader gives the employee a contract paper for job. They also do the national agreement which the employee operate, and make collective agreement. Through the human resources the leaders navigate the people to reach their goal, which is strategy. 2. Physical Resources: Physical resources include the equipment, vehicles, building, etc. In Iceland the leader has responsibilities how to operate the equipment, machine. The leaders duty to show the employee how to operate. The leaders always give the training how to use the vehicles, building. Through physical resources the leader navigates the people to reach their goal that is strategy. 3. Financial Resources: Financial resources include cost of training, redundancy cost, relocation cost, new building, and refurbishment of existing building. In Iceland the leader always alert about their financial resources. By using the financial resources the leader lead the employee to reach their goal that is called strategy. Leadership is the process on leading strategic management make leadership. Leadership cannot achieve the objectives without strategic management. Leadership go away with the strategic management to achieve the co-operative objectives. Every leadership has strategic function. Leadership is like a driver and strategic management is like car which cannot move with each other. 1.2 THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP STYLE ON STRATEGIC DECISION / MANAGEMENT: In organization every leader has a vision, mission and objectives. The leaders know the vision in the way they lead. As a manager in organization at first, 1. I will start my business in local area. 2. When I can satisfy the customer, I can run my business in long term I have a mission to organize my employees. At first in my organization 1. I will give good customer service 2. I will ensure the good product to the customers 3. I will give the cheap price but quality product 4. To give a good faith on the products to the customer. To reach the objectives I have to utilise the all mission, vision in my organization. Leadership style: Every organization using the leadership style to run the business Democratic/Participating of leadership: As a manager, in KFC I make a talking shop where the all employees can participate to express their individual view. In organization I always make a decision how the employee will work. And one day in the end of every month I encourage the employee to participate to the meeting. I always give the value for group discussion how they do their individual work and how they give me the output from their individual group. I always try to motivate them to reach my goal. 2. Autocratic Style- As manager in KFC I always alert about my group selection .Without good selection of the employee, and without good training I cannot get the output from the group member, sometimes I am very hard to them to get output and sometimes I am very friendly towards them. I always try to motivate them to get the good result, good performance from them. I give them the right direction how to act to reach my goal. 3. Transactional Style: As a manager in KFC I set a performance standard for my employees. By giving them proper training in their individual job. In training I always tell them how to act, how to use the all machine, how to follow the health and safety of food and the environment. In training I tell them how to do and what to do. In addition how they will be able to carry out their performance review for their team. 4. Transformational Style: As a manager in KFC, I motivate and inspiring them beyond their job description. I always look for a change on current situation that will make them smart and intelligent. I always try to change the environment that the employee does not feel bore. They get the inspiration to reach their goal. 5. Lassie fair: As manager in KFC sometimes I have little control some specific job. But I always try to do control my power to complete my job to reach my goal by my employee. 6. Charismatic Style: As a manager in KFC having strong personality, is very important that inspires the followers to act their job properly. Having good communication skill and hard worker, I can easily communicate to my employees very well that attracts them and inspires them to do their job properly. 7. Visionary As a manager in KFC, I think, I am visionary. I have ability to see my company could be in the future rather than the present. In future, I want to see my organization as well known recognised company in the world within 30 to 40 years. To reach my goal I always give the good training to do their act properly. 1.3. HOW LEADERSHIP STYLES CAN BE ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT SITUATION: Every organization using the leadership style to run the business Democratic/Participating of leadership: As a manager in Iceland I make a talking shop where the all employees can participate to express their individual view. In organization I always make a decision how the employee will work. And one day in the end of every month I encourage the employee to participate to the meeting. I always give the value for group discussion how they do their individual work and how they give me the output from their individual group. I always try to motivate them to reach my goal. Autocratic Style: As manager in Iceland I always alert about my group selection .Without good selection of the employee, and without good training I cannot get the output from the group member, sometimes I am very hard to them to get output and sometimes I am very friendly towards them. I always try to motivate them to get the good result, good performance from them. I give them the right direction how to act to reach my goal. Transactional Style: As a manager in Iceland I set a performance standard for my employees. By giving them proper training in their individual job. In training I always tell them how to act, how to use the all machine, how to follow the health and safety of food and the environment. In training I tell them how to do and what to do. In addition how they will be able to carry out their performance review for their team. Transformational Style: As a manager in Iceland, I motivate and inspiring them beyond their job description. I always look for a change on current situation that will make them smart and intelligent. I always try to change the environment that the employee does not feel bore. They get the inspiration to reach their goal. Lassie fair: As manager sometimes in Iceland I have little control some specific job. But I always try to do control my power to complete my job to reach my goal by my employees. Charismatic Style: As a manager in Iceland having strong personality, is very important that inspires the followers to act their job properly. Having good communication skill and hard worker, I can easily communicate to my employees very well that attracts them and inspire them to do their job properly. Visionary As a manager in Iceland, I think, I am visionary. I have ability to see my company could be in the future rather than the present. In future, I want to see my organization as well known recognised company in the world within 30 to 40 years. To reach my goal I always give the good training to do their act properly. 2.1. REVIEW THE IMPACT THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT AND LEDAERSHIP ON ORGANIZATION: Leadership Theory- Great Man Theory: Assumptions Leaders are born and not made. Great leaders will arise when there is a great need. Description Early research on leadership was based on the study of people who were already great leaders. These people were often from the aristocracy, as few from lower classes had the opportunity to lead. This contributed to the notion that leadership had something to do with breeding. The idea of the Great Man also strayed into the mythic domain, with notions that in times of need, a Great Man would arise, almost by magic. This was easy to verify, by pointing to people such as Eisenhower and Churchill, let alone those further back along the timeline even to Mohammad, Jesus, Moses and budho.Ref-www.changingminds.org Behavioral Theory- Assumptions 1. Leaders can be made, rather than are born. 2. Successful leadership is based in definable, learnable behaviour. Description Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to teach and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral traits or capabilities.Ref-www.changingminds.org Transactional Style: As a manager I set a performance standard for my employees. By giving them proper training in their individual job. In training I always tell them how to act, how to use the all machine, how to follow the health and safety of food and the environment. In training I tell them how to do and what to do. In addition how they will be able to carry out their performance review for their team. Transformational Style: As a manager, I motivate and inspiring them beyond their job description. I always look for a change on current situation that will make them smart and intelligent. I always try to change the environment that the employee does not feel bore. They get the inspiration to reach their goal. Management theory: Scientific management theory Fredric Taylor on the scientific management theory, later in the 19th and the early 20th century. Taylor was dissatisfied with the workers, ill-directed movement of men. Taylor advocated the following Training of workers as a best practice Workers job must be shared between the workers and management with management doing the scientific side and the workers performing the labour. Each group doing their job. There must significant improvement on productivity. Pay and other reward must link to achievement Faylor to achieve goals can lead to loss. Workers must be trained to be first class -Ref- Guilled hall college note. Democratic/Participating of leadership As a manager, in my organization I make a talking shop where the all employees can participate to express their individual view. In organization I always make a decision how the employee will work. And one day in the end of every month I encourage the employee to participate to the meeting. I always give the value for group discussion how they do their individual work and how they give me the output from their individual group. I always try to motivate them to reach my goal. Transactional Style: As a manager I set a performance standard for my employees. By giving them proper training in their individual job. In training I always tell them how to act, how to use the all machine, how to follow the health and safety of food and the environment. In training I tell them how to do and what to do. In addition how they will be able to carry out their performance review for their team. Charismatic Style: As a manager having strong personality, is very important that inspires the followers to act their job properly. Having good communication skill and hard worker, I can easily communicate to my employees very well that attracts them and inspires them to do their job properly. Most of the leader of an organization follows the theory of Frederic Taylor. Classical Management Theory- Put together by Max Webber and Henry Fayol Max Webber on the Bureaucratic theory Hanri Fayol on administrative theory Max Webber Bureaucratic theory: Webber on the opinion that civilisation was changing to seek technical optimal result at the expense of emotion and humanistic content. Webber principle of ideal bureaucracy: Management based written record through expert training Hierarchy of the boss and the subordinate Management follow stable and knowable rules Provide little interaction between its member Henry Feyol Theory- Fayol focus on the personal duties of management Fayol principle role of management: Forecast and plan-management planning for the future To command-management keeping the institution action and process running To coordinate-management coordinating by harmonising the group effort To control-the activities are performed in accordance with appropriate rules and procedures Other principles of these theories Specialisation of labour Authority with responsibility Discipline Ref-Guilled hall College Note # Planning for the future-Icelands vision is to be world-wide recognised company. Low price but good quality food. Visionary As a manager, I think, I am visionary. I have ability to see my company could be in the future rather than the present. In future, I want to see my organization as well known recognised company in the world within 30 to 40 years. To reach my goal I always give the good training to do their act properly. #To command-the leader of the Iceland give the guidance to their employees right direction #To coordinate-by harmonising group effort Iceland coordinate to each branches to others to their employees human resources management to reach their goal. #To control-without direction the ship cannot reach their destination, like that the Iceland has developed their different rules and procedure to control the employees. Transactional Style: As a manager I set a performance standard for my employees. By giving them proper training in their individual job. In training I always tell them how to act, how to use the all machine, how to follow the health and safety of food and the environment. In training I tell them how to do and what to do. In addition how they will be able to carry out their performance review for their team. Human resources include interview, hiring the people, training, lay off. In any organization the leader utilize the all human resources. In Iceland, the leader at first advertises the vacancies on internet. Then they take the interview for recruitment. After recruitment they give them induction how to work in properly in these companies. After 3 weeks then the leader select them properly who is the perfect for these job in Iceland. These all resources are all written document. In human resources lay off is very important thing like the employees contract of employment, after finishing the inducti on successfully the leader gives the employee a contract paper for job. They also do the national agreement which the employee operate, and make collective agreement. # Specialization of labour-that means right person to right place. The Iceland leader always selects the right people for right place. Charismatic Style: As a manager having strong personality, is very important that inspires the followers to act their job properly. Having good communication skill and hard worker, I can easily communicate to my employees very well that attracts them and inspires them to do their job properly. #Authority with responsibilities-it helps every employees to show their ability to do their duties. In Iceland every year the leader does the manager review, to disclose the quality for activities of their employees? It helps to employee to get the promotion in their position. #Discipline-It is very important for every organization. The leader of Iceland, they always make the routine for employees to do their duties timely and to control their management. 2.2 A LEADERSHIP STRATEGY THAT SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTION In organization every leader has a vision, mission and objectives. The leaders know the vision in the way they lead. As a manager in organization at first, 1. I will start my business in local area. 2. When I can satisfy the customer, I can run my business in long term I have a mission to organize my employees. At first in my organization 1. I will give good customer service 2. I will ensure the good product to the customers 3. I will give the cheap price but quality product 4. To give a good faith on the products to the customer. To reach the objectives I have to utilise the all mission, vision in my organization. Leadership style: Every organization using the leadership style to run the business Democratic/Participating of leadership: As a manager, in KFC I make a talking shop where the all employees can participate to express their individual view. In organization I always make a decision how the employee will work. And one day in the end of every month I encourage the employee to participate to the meeting. I always give the value for group discussion how they do their individual work and how they give me the output from their individual group. I always try to motivate them to reach my goal. 2. Autocratic Style- As manager in KFC I always alert about my group selection .Without good selection of the employee, and without good training I cannot get the output from the group member, sometimes I am very hard to them to get output and sometimes I am very friendly towards them. I always try to motivate them to get the good result, good performance from them. I give them the right direction how to act to reach my goal. 3. Transactional Style: As a manager in KFC I set a performance standard for my employees. By giving them proper training in their individual job. In training I always tell them how to act, how to use the all machine, how to follow the health and safety of food and the environment. In training I tell them how to do and what to do. In addition how they will be able to carry out their performance review for their team. 4. Transformational Style: As a manager in KFC, I motivate and inspiring them beyond their job description. I always look for a change on current situation that will make them smart and intelligent. I always try to change the environment that the employee does not feel bore. They get the inspiration to reach their goal. 5. Lassie fair: As manager in KFC sometimes I have little control some specific job. But I always try to do control my power to complete my job to reach my goal by my employee. 6. Charismatic Style: As a manager in KFC having strong personality, is very important that inspires the followers to act their job properly. Having good communication skill and hard worker, I can easily communicate to my employees very well that attracts them and inspires them to do their job properly. 7. Visionary As a manager in KFC, I think, I am visionary. I have ability to see my company could be in the future rather than the present. In future, I want to see my organization as well known recognised company in the world within 30 to 40 years. To reach my goal I always give the good training to do their act properly. 3.3. THE METHOD TO REVIEW CURRENT LEADERSHIP REQUIREMENT: 3.2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUTURE SITUATION REQUIRING LEADERSHIP: In an organization the leader needs to develop and improve their skills. No man can bear with at all skills .So the leader who leads the people, at first he needs to improve their skill. In these situations some essential activities he needs. At first he needs training. Ensuring the leader has right skill for crucial to growth and success of business. Training can increase: Improve customer satisfaction Increase productivity Increase profit Improve motivation Arrange the seminars that the leader can easily acquire the knowledge, how they improve themselves day by day. In seminars the leader can do the research on their work that helps them to acquire the knowledge. IN practical they can practice some activities that can helps to improve their knowledge, ideas to improve themselves. These improvements will help to reach their goal. 4.1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS FAR SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT In an organization the leader needs to develop and improve their skills. No man can bear with at all skills .So the leader who leads the people, at first he needs to improve their skill. In these situations some essential activities he needs. At first he needs training. Ensuring the leader has right skill for crucial to growth and success of business. Training can increase Improve customer satisfaction Increase productivity Increase profit Improve motivation Arrange the seminars that the leader can easily acquire the knowledge, how they improve themselves day by day. In seminars the leader can do the research on their work that helps them to acquire the knowledge. IN practical they can practice some activities that can helps to improve their knowledge, ideas to improve themselves. These improvements will help to reach their goal. 4.2. THE USEFULNESS OF METHODS USE TO PLAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS Training can: Increase productivity and quality of work Increase profits Reduce staff turnover and absenteeism Improve customer satisfaction Improve motivation Training that achieves these results is typically: linked to business goals and performance part of a company-wide strategy focused on setting tangible objectives for employees Part of a company policy, which sets out who is responsible for planning, implementing and evaluating training. Business of any size or sector can easily align the framework with their existing business planning model. Through this model, organisations are encouraged to work towards continuous improvement. Ref-www.businesslink.gov.uk

Virgin Atlantic Airways Founded In 1984 - 2104 Words

Virgin Atlantic Airways, founded in 1984, has grown rapidly to become one of the UK’s largest airline carriers and now serves 31 destinations worldwide. Well known for pioneering many service innovations and setting new standards for the airline industry, Virgin Atlantic continues to expand. But despite their growth the airline still remains customer focused, with an emphasis on value for money, unique offerings and high quality service. http://www.capitalcapture.com/Libraries/Documents/CC_CaseStudy_VirginAtlantic.pdf Atlantic Airlines Limited, is a British airline company owned by Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Group (51%) and Singapore Airlines(49%). Virgin group is the creator of more than 300 branded companies globally, and employs†¦show more content†¦Considering the fact that the airline industry is characterized by the presence of a few carriers and many suppliers vying for business, it comes as no surprise that the power of the suppliers is low and the ai rlines have the upper hand in their interactions with the suppliers. Further, even in cases such as the supply of jet fuel, the carriers like Virgin Atlantic have a distinct advantage, as this fuel is expensive and a premium product meaning that there are not too many buyers for it making Virgin Atlantic a favored customer for the aviation fuel companies. .(http://managementstudyguide.com/porters-five-forces-analysis-of-virgin-atlantic.htm) There’s a lot of talk about culture in organisations, and it seems to me a bit ethereal. It’s hard to describe, but a culture is very real. It’s about â€Å"the way we do things around here† and there really is a right or wrong Virgin Atlantic way to do things. But you can only maintain any culture through hard work. We recognise that having a meaningful dialogue with our people is vital to our culture and to the success of the organisation - but it is really very hard to do. It’s easy to think about how a manager can have a conversation with a team member and how that could lead to improved success for the individual or team. We can help our managers to develop the skills to have those conversations in an effective, authentic and Virgin Atlantic way. But it’s also about having a dialogueShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Virgin Atlantic Airways1538 Words   |  7 Pages The company I chose to write about is Virgin Atlantic Airways. Since it was founded in 1984, Virgin Atlantic Airways has become Britain’s second largest airline carrier serving the world’s major cities. 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Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up Free Essays

Title: DNA analysis Aim: a) Isolate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli b) Visualization of restriction fragments by Agarose Gel electrophoresis Objectives: * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli * to analyze and identify DNA by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to cleave DNA into fragments * to visualize the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis * to compare the different DNA fragments generated by use of molecular markers Abstract This work describes a lysis method for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic DNA and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. We will write a custom essay sample on Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was noted that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA several steps are taken into consideration. DNA was found to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer. Restriction enzymes were added to cleave DNA which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA can be separated into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis. The bacterial DNA was successfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed after running the gel. DNA analysis is a standard practice for defining paternity or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. But in our context, DNA analysis is mainly used for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria are pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S. R; 1998). Nucleic acids encode information relating to cell structure and function. Cells have the ability to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of ribose (a 5` carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1` position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F; 2002). Isolation of nucleic acid – three major types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, absorption methods or density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method will depend on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The separation of nucleic acids from proteins is generally accomplished due to their different chemical properties. In particular, the highly charged phosphate backbone makes the nucleic acids rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are more hydrophobic (Allison L. A; 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The underlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine light on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of approximately 260nm (Stryer; 2006). Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density difference between the particles/macromolecules and the medium in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K; 2006). Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K; 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an electric current (Stryer L. 2006). Gel electrophoresis refers to using a gel as an ant convective medium and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most commonly used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein; however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials Used * Luria Broth medium * SET Buffer * TEN Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 24:1 mixture * Phenol/ chloroform 1:1 (Buffer saturated phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl: 5M sterilized by autoclaving Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) : 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wide bore pipette * Ice bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer Methodology Each group carried out the following procedures: Used two 50ml sterile plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4’C. Combined pellets to give approximately 1g wet weight of cells. Washed the pellet, re-suspended it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvested the cells again as described above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min. Added 1000Â µL of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. Divided the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500Â µl of SDS. Gently mixed the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an equal volume of buffer saturated phenol. The tubes were inverted till the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. Recovered the upper aqueous phase using a wide bore pipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear. Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein as described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na acetate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% ethanol. Mixed thoroughly and allow it to stand for about 5min on ice for the DNA to precipitate. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to dissolve overnight at 4’C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to cool to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim dye Loaded the gel in the following order; 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue colony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a white colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xb a1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers After loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was seen a small white like fragments. However we could not spool the DNA out of solution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile compound hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into smaller fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an identification dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers. After running the gel no observeable bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is helpful if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit possible contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K; 2009). Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation process to be effective to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. According to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will dissolve in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often better to use because it has greater potency in precipitating the DNA and thus lower concentration is required. This is advantageous because it will take less time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate. Salts such as sodium chloride and ammonium acetate remove histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins bound to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the whole solution turned cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012; sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent. It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to breakdown. It then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J; 2005). This reduced chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence making it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for ‘sodium dodecyl sulfate’ is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes. This will helped the cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and expose the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA binding proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R; 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA (Wiser M. F; 2012). Molecular weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you may not see bands on the gel after electrophoresis: When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be maintained and lubricate the electrolyte. Loading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P. K, 2006; loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, giving it a purplish color and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) might have been as a result of any of the following * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its job correctly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not connected to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow colleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometime s left on the surface tables for long periods esp. when the samples were being analyzed in the spectrophotometer. Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at room conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Denvers. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan. R, (1998), Biotechnology: An introduction, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York; MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 3rd edition; New York; MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Name Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 Program Biotechnology Level 2:1 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis How to cite Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up, Papers

Is Cricket Killing Other Sports free essay sample

Is Cricket Killing Other Sports In India? My answer is YES. Why do I say like this? I will give you reasons for it. It is a well known fact that sports is meant for enterainment and hence it is telecasted in television and also the playing area is provided with seats to accomodate the public. But how many games have full attendence from the audience. Is that the media doing all these crime or is it the politicians. I have seen many times where the ministers say that cricket is not like other games. Why do they have so much of importance to this game alone. I don say that people should dislike this game, i just want them to give equal importance to other games. If you ask a sportsperson then only you can understand the pain and hurdles they come across. But why is that only cricketers enjoy all the facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Cricket Killing Other Sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Football is the most watched game in the world, now my question is that how many football stadiums of international standards are there in our country. I feel that the government and the people lift the game of cricket and stamp all the other games. You can surely see a full house cricket stadium in India. How many of us have seen a full house for an Athletic meet or a hockey match. Why is that no other game has so much of sponcership and live telecast in TV. We are so much bothered about the telecast of the cricket match in Australia, but how many of us are bothered about the olympic qualifiers of the hockey match. We people know who is the highest run getter for India, how many of us know who is the fastest man of India(100 mtr National Record Holder). If we youngsters don take action against this, then it will be situation where the substitute players who will also act as audience.