Regular Assignment

One of his duties is to serve as the coach for runners who hope to complete the New York City Marathon. He himself has won several marathons and ultra-marathons runner race. Thus he is more acquainted about the roles and responsibilities of coach for the marathon runners. After the introduction of David, case study drives us through understandings of how the complete training period of 16 weeks is carried out by athletes and runners. Initial 8 weeks he found it easy to train the runners.He was pleased looking the progress of the runners and had little difficulty in his role as coach. Some questions started to come in his mind regarding how to help his runners to achieve their goal. His issues of concern seemed quite different from those that he had expected to hear from other runners he previously trained for Marathons. Thus he divided runners and their concerns Into following three different groups. The first group comprised of all basic questions with newly joined runners who never had previous experiences.They kept on asking basic questions such as what to eat a day before marathon race, how much to drink and what kind of shoes to wear. The second group comprised of runners who had previously ran for marathons but were concerned about the effects of Davit's raining on their running, wanted to know the running mileage related to their possible marathon finish time. In addition their concern was to know whether consuming carbon-loading would improve their performances during the marathon.The third group comprised of seasoned runners who mostly finished marathon in top 10 of their respective divisions. These group too had some concerns related to feeling flat and acted a bit moody and down about training. The most important concern they carried was whether Davit's coaching would help them in other races besides the New York City Marathon. Hint David should use the following leadership strategy to train/coach his runners. The first group needs David to make sure that the runners will be motivated if they feel competent.Runners kept on asking questions such as what to eat a day before marathon race, how much to drink and what kind of shoes to wear. I think He needs to motivate the runners, make a diet plan and answer their questions they have. But he should also take a note that not to instruct all of the runners in a single group. Based on runners abilities he should have different training sessions. Because may be the beginners (group ) would keep asking basic questions like which shoes to wear, what to eat in a session which might not be interest to groups 3.For them it would lead to boredom sessions of training and might remove interest from attending further sessions and from Marathon race too. So he should take note of all runners and based on knowledge should keep training. He could have taken information session where all questions and issues are addressed. The second group was concerned about the effects of Davit's training on thei r running mileage related to their possible marathon finish time and forts reward they would get in return after the marathon race.Running a marathon is a huge deal and if people are nervous or unsure they will ask a ton of questions. I think he should explain them the benefits they would get with the training. In addition he as a coach needs to be there for them and coach them to the finish line. He should reduce everyone's stress when most seems nervous. Reassure the second group that they are doing great. The third group concern was not focused on current marathon race as objective by his training, but wanted to know if the payoff for their work valuable.David can motivate each of these groups by tending to the group's needs. Answer the beginners' group questions, make a diet plan. A final criticism that can be made of path- goal theory concerns a practical outcome of the theory. Path-goal theory suggests that it is important for leaders to provide coaching, guidance, and directi on for subordinates, to help subordinates define and clarify goals, and to help subordinates around obstacles as they attempt to reach their goals. In effect, this approach treats leadership as a one way event. The leader affects the subordinate.

Epic of Gilgamesh

After reading the Epic of Gilgamesh I put great thought into the meaning and exactly who was tamed. I think this epic is about the taming of nature and man. To me, Enkidu represents nature he was created as a wild man and â€Å"he was innocent of mankind; he knew nothing of the cultivated land. † He is animal like in the beginning of the epic and it takes the advancement of the harlot to make him a man. Once Enkidu has slept with the harlot his animal brethren no longer accept him because he now has the stench of humanity. Another example of nature being tamed is the killing of Humbaba, Lord of the Cedars. I think Humbaba is a symbol for nature that must be tamed if humanity’s civilization is to grow. â€Å"While Gilgamesh felled the first of the trees of the forest Enkidu cleared their roots to the banks of the Euphrates. † This sounds to me like clearing of a forest in the name of progress. It seems like they are making the land suitable for use by humans for farming. No regard is given for the forest, the animals that live in the forest or any future implications from this clearing. I do think Gilgamesh ends in journey tamed, he realizes man is part animal and we still need what nature provides. I think in modern day society we still find ourselves trying to tame nature. With the clearing of rainforests for development and to the taming of animals. I think in today’s society we waste the land and the benefits we get from nature.

Rubens vs. Rembrandt

Low Countries of Flanders and Holland. Specifically characterized by the IR copious portrait paintings, the both of them had achieved mastery over their artistic talent. R been and Rembrandt are prime examples of Baroque art, easily exemplified by the heavy darks and lights they both incorporate into their works. Despite all these similarities, to many, Remember net can be surely considered as one of the greatest artist of the Baroque periods.In Rueben' The Lion Hunt, there are strengths and weaknesses. Rueben' paint is an exceptional example of art during the Baroque period. This piece shows a high contrast between lights and darks, as well as movement and strong action. However, this piece lacks balance and it feels as if the entire scene takes place in only the upper right hand of the painting. As well, the color palette of the piece has an absence in harmony. The unbalanced com poser of the painting creates a muddled image where the viewer cannot entirely decipher what ex city i s happening.In Rembrandt The Blinding of Samson, there are a great number of strengths. In this piece, all of the figures are evenly balanced with emphasis on the main point of action. The color palette does not distract from the painting because of the neutral tones used. The detail incorporated into painting is impeccable, from the folds in clothing to wrinkling of skin, every important detail is there. While Samson may be the main focal I point, every figure can be acknowledge because of the expert balance that Rembrandt port says.Some will say that Rueben is the greater artist because of bright colors and ability to create multiple focal points. However, the multiple focal point that Rueben uses in The e Lion Hunt makes the painting hard to observe the immense detail put into it. The bright c lour used only add to the disorderliness that is The Lion Hunt. In conclusion, Rembrandt is the greater artist because of his mastery of color,balance and emphasis. While Rueben does show s trengths in his lights and darks, he falls shoo art in balance and harmony. Due to his expertise over the principles and elements of Baroque art, R

Assignment B wk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment B wk3 - Essay Example It is biblically that God is a God of truth and His reverence must be in observance with that truth. To worship refers to demonstrate honor and respect to God, and at what moment in his physical presence, that denotes to prostrate oneself in a way in which one demonstrates his supremacy over oneself (MacArthur, 1983). Worshipping in truth is to show adoration to him in human nature through the actions. The concept of praising God in spirit and truth generates from Jesus’ discussion with the lady at the well in John 4. In the discussion, the lady was talk about places of worship with Jesus, claiming that the Samaritans worshipped at Mount Gerizim while the Jews prayed at Jerusalem. Jesus had just demonstrated that He understood about her numerous spouses, also the fact that the present man she stayed with was not her spouse (MacArthur, 1983). This made her uneasy, so she tried to sidetrack His attention from her private life to issues of religion. Jesus did not get distracted from His session on right worship and got to the core of the issue when he said that the hour was coming, and it was already time, when the true worshipers would adore God in truth and spirit, for God needs such to worship Him in John 4. The overall message concerning worshipping God in spirit and truth is that adoration of the Father is not to be restricted to a solitary geographical site or essentially controlled by the temporary requirements of bible law (MacArthur, 1983). With the presence of Christ, the severance between Gentile and Jew was no longer pertinent, nor was the site of worship as the temple. With the Christ, all of God’s believers gained equivalent admission to God through Jesus. Worship became an issue of the spirit, not outside actions, and bound for by reality rather than ceremonial. True worship ought to be in spirit that

Biomedical ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Biomedical ethics - Essay Example Joe fulfills the age requirement of Medicaid’s rationing scheme because he is below age 65 and unless he did not fulfill its other fundamental requirements, the Medicaid official could have denied him benefits unfairly (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). Dr. Adams fulfilled the requirements of the biomedical principle of beneficence when she went out of her way to attend to Joe while at the scene of the accident. She demonstrated the principle of respect for persons when she attempted to rescue Joe who was incapable of self-determination immediately after the accident. Both Dr. Adams and the emergency personnel in the ambulance demonstrated non-maleficence when they helped save Joe’s life because they did not harm him even when his condition exposed him to mistreatment and harm. Facts provide that Dr. Benson had performed substandard surgeries before Joe’s case. If indeed the Southwest Hospital knew about Benson’s quality of service, it was immoral to have allowed him to operate on Joe (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). The motorist who cut Joe off might have been reckless. The motorist should have been cautious when driving knowing that obstructing others on the traffic could cause an accident. Recklessness implies that the actor (the other motorist) foresaw the danger that could accrue from his action but did not take precautions to remove the danger. There was an element of negligence in the way that Southwest Hospital handled Joe’s case. Negligence embodies the issues of duty, breach, causation, and damages. Given Joe’s condition after the accident, the hospital had the duty to protect and rescue his life. Assigning Dr. Benson to Joe’s operation breached the hospital’s duty to protect their patient’s (Joe’s) life and wellbeing. It is possible that Dr. Benson’s lack of care during operation is what led to Joe’s hemorrhage and hospitalization thereafter. The hospital could therefore be charged for the

Teacher Professional Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teacher Professional Competencies - Essay Example Moreover, a cooperative staff could also help each other in reducing their weaknesses and improving their competencies by providing each other with constructive criticism. In this regard, effective communication is very important. The artifact shows a regular bi-monthly round table staff meeting where all the staff members meet to discuss ongoing problems, progress, and future plans. The artifact shows that the whole staff is cooperative and communicates effectively. A bi-monthly staff meeting gives all the team members an opportunity to provide constructive criticism, feedback, and discuss future plan of action. Moreover, teachers with the same students with particular weaknesses can form a single strategy to help each other and the student. The meeting provides a platform to discuss ideas, apprehensions, and suggestions. Communication helps close gaps between team members and clears any misunderstandings that may arise in the absence of it. A regular staff meeting provides a platform for friendly communication. None of the teachers would feel threatened or insulted which they would feel if the meeting was called specifically for a particular

Discuss what criteria a decision maker will follow in a sustainable Essay

Discuss what criteria a decision maker will follow in a sustainable management plan - Essay Example Evidently, this is highly complex, and thus, the decision-making cannot rely on intuition of managers. This calls for a thorough assessment of impacts before resorting to a given decision. As a result, decision-making in sustainable management plan requires a structured process to aid in evaluating and assessing environmental impact, ethical and social issues to make a decision that serves the interest of all stakeholders involved. Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis is one of the structured processes that managers can use for making decisions in sustainability issues. This applies in a situation whereby a manager faces problems with competing decision criteria, for example, a decision between installation of a solar panel and plan for energy efficiency enhancement. Using Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA), such a decision takes four steps. The first step involves identifying the goals and decisions that the decision maker aims at achieving and framing of the decision (Hahn, Seaman and Rob 2). The second step is identifying the alternatives regarding the decision, as well as related attributes that contribute to the objectives of the decision. Third is specifying preferences for each individual attributes, as well as between attributes in agenda. Finally, the last step involves ranking alternative decisions basing on the attribute data, according to specified preferences. Similarly, another tool that managers can utilize for making sustainable management decisions is the Rational-Iterative Decision-Making Process. This process entails several elements that need to be evaluated in order to come up with a rational decision (Decision Making Methods and Tools: Choosing among alternative courses of action 3). This includes identifying the roles of individuals involved in the process such as forest managers, decision makers, and stakeholders among others. Additionally, it involves scoping the target area, determining the goals, creating measurable criteria for

Managerial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example 5. Machine requirements Man hour costs 1,000*15=$15,000 1,000*12.50=12,500 2,500 Man hour costs forms part of direct labour costs since it must be met for the process to take place. 6. Engineer’s charges Monthly salary= 42,000/12=$3,500 This forms part of the indirect labour cost since it is not primary for the initial stage of the project. (ii) The valuation in the context of the proposed tender is valid hence need to be considered by the company. The direct costs being considered on the basis of absorption cost are lower than the overall revenues expected from the entire project. Direct material A is the direct material A available in stock and awaiting to be used in the manufacturing process. Direct material B is the direct material B available in stock and awaiting to be used in the manufacturing process. Direct Labour is the amount of direct labour that will be used in the production process to generate initial revenue. (iii) Revised schedule Engineering specification 2,0 00 Direct material A 72,000 Direct Material B 3,000 Components 9,000 Direct Labour 15,000 Supervision 400 Machine hire 3,000 Overhead costs 6,500 Total 110,900 (b) . Total revenue from the project $100,000 Direct material A 72,000 Direct Material B 3,000 Direct Labour 15,000 Supervision 400 Machine hire 3,000 Overhead costs 6,500 (99,900) Profits $100 The expected profits is higher than the actual profits which will lead into conflicts. Absorption costing basis tends to inflate the profits thus making them higher than the actual. (c) Non financial matters for consideration Effects on creditors The firm must adequately consider the impact its operation will have on its creditors. Labour relations. This is not financially related but it largely affects how a firm can manage to achieve its goal. 2. Althepal Ticket sales earnings (500*5) ?2,500 Food & drinks (500*3) ?1,500 Althepal’s hiring cost ?375 Special licence- ?25 (?1,900) Expected Profits ?600 McBoy Ticket sales earnings (250*5) ?1,250 McBoy hiring cost and transport (?150) Expected Profits ? 1,100 Break even point Althepal X= 400/(5-3)=200 units McBoy=150/(5-3)=75units Margin of safety Althepal 400-200=200 McBoy 150-75=75 Analysis By considering the expected profits from each of the two options, McBoy will result in higher profits than Althepal hence it should be undertaken. The expected profit of Althepal is greatly reduced due to the cost of providing the drinks and food as well as the cost of special licence charged for the sale of drinks. Both the margin of safety and break even point for both options are the same indicating that there are no external costs incurred. 3. Internal Rate of Return Definition There are basically many methods used in capital budgeting to determine the viability of investments such as Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PP), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Profitability Index (PI) and the internal Rate of Return (IRR). All these techniques aim at guiding a firm on the right choice to make when deciding on the best project to undertake. However the decisions on which technique to rely on depend on the

Economic Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Modelling - Essay Example Moreover, most employed individuals may opt do drop out of employment in the event they perceive employment benefits to be more viable than their income (Lalive, Vanours & Zweimà ¼ller, 2011). As a result, it is essential to verify the validity of these perceptions based on evidence from empirical data. The United Kingdom has over the years between 2004 and 2014 been experiencing a consistent rate of unemployment (Statista, 2014). As a result, it is evident that there are significant factors that have contributed to the level of the unemployment during the period. On the other hand, one of the consistent trends that have been witnessed in the United Kingdom labour market during the period is the allocation of unemployment benefits by the United Kingdom government (Office for National statistics, 2014). As a result, there are major possibilities that there is a correlation between the allocations of unemployment benefits in the United Kingdom and the rate of unemployment. The study is based on empirical data gathered from the United Kingdom’s labour market. In order to verify the effect of unemployment benefits on unemployment information regarding unemployment and unemployment data was gathered for a ten year period ranging between 2004 and 2014. Thus, in order to evaluate the reliability unemployment and unemployment another set of data that correlates with unemployment will be used. Hence, the relevant alternative set of data for the study will be based on inflation data for the relevant period of the study. This is due to the fact that most of the major unemployment levels in any labour market are caused by requirement of market forces to sustain optimum levels of inflation (Arnold, 2010 pp. 382). Whereas the rate of inflation will be necessary for this study it will be essential in outlining any other potential indicators of increase in the levels of employment in United Kingdom. Therefore, the study will be aimed

Health Care Plan Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Care Plan Models - Essay Example This can prevent all diseases related to increased intake of sodium. Such diet must be rich in fruits and vegetables, fresh food that contain low amount of the sodium, rich in potassium as it may decrease the effect of sodium in blood pressure, include less prepared food with high quantity of sodium. Also it is important to check the labels of the food products in the grocery and choose lower sodium food. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends 1500-2300 mg of sodium per day.1500 mg equals to 3.75 g or  ¾ teaspoons of sodium. The other possible option of overall reduction of salt intake of the population is sodium reduction in the communities programs. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention approved such program for 2013-2016. The main goals of this program to decrease sodium consumption reducing sodium in food establishments, monitoring of total sodium intake, working with food distributors, offering appropriate information on food for consumers, developing nutritional st andards. Therefore, it is quite necessary to control sodium consumption as it may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease development and improve overall health of the

Kant and Descartes Essay Example for Free

Kant and Descartes Essay â€Å"Idealism is the assertion there are none but thinking thing beings. All other things, which we believe are perceived in intuitions, are nothing but presentations in the thinking things, to which no object external to them in fact corresponds. Everything we see is just a construction of the mind. † (Prolegomena). Idealism maintains that there are no objects in the world, only minds. According to idealism, the existence of outer objects is uncertain and ambiguous. Idealism is the group of philosophies asserting that actuality is fundamentally mental, or otherwise intangible. Kant holds the belief that objects only exist as perceptions is fundamentally idealist. The argument begins by making the point: our senses never enable us to experience things in themselves, but only know their appearances. This idea depicts space and time as empty forums to determine how things appear. Kant discusses how math consists of synthetic a priori cognitions, or the ability to provide new information that is necessarily true, and its relation to geometry. Kant believes there is some form of pure intuition innate within us. This innate intuition is what allows us to identify different notions without reference to sense experience. In the opinion of Kant, the possibility of mathematics rests upon the possibility of â€Å"synthetic propositions a priori†. (Prolegomena). There is a priori certainty of geometry. A priori knowledge or justification is independent of all experience. A priori judgments are based upon reason alone, independently of all sensory experience, and therefore are applicable with universality. According to Kant, â€Å"Geometry is based upon the pure intuition of space. † (Prolegomena). We cannot have any perceptions of objects if not in space and time. Kant declares, â€Å"it must first exhibit its concepts in intuition, and do so a priori, in an intuition that is not empirical, but pure. † (Prolegomena). Geometry, as the innate intuition of space, derives from the sequential moments of our innate intuition of time. If space were not built into of our innate composition, two things with all of the same properties would be in every way identical. Space and time are not properties of the objects in things themselves, but rather, qualities of our knowledge of the things. Space and time are referred by Kant as the â€Å"modes of representation†, or â€Å"forms of sensibility†, of objects. (Prolegomena). Kant believes inner experience is all that we can be certain of and that the e? ects can only conclude the existence of the external world has on us. If space and time are subjective, then everything in space and time are subjective. If space and time were things in themselves that we could only understand by reference to experience, geometry and math would not have the a priori certainty that makes them reliable. If space and time do not belong to the things themselves, and we cannot know anything in space and time, then we don’t know the things in themselves. As a result of this, Kant says that appearances are â€Å"That is pure space is not at all a quality of things in themselves but a form of our sensuous faculty of representation, and that furthermore all objects in space are mere appearances†. (Prolegomena). This declaration regarding things being tangible reveals Kant’s view of transcendental idealism, faces the issue of things existing at all, directly. Immanuel Kants most influential contribution to philosophy is transcendental idealism. Transcendental idealism is fundamentally a doctrine about space and time. The idea is we cannot perceive things in and of themselves directly; what we perceive must first be interpreted by our senses, then by our sensibility and understanding. Though Kant has argued that we cannot perceive things in themselves, but only appearances of things, Kant believes intuition, and the senses control our perception. And anything, which we may perceive, is made up entirely of appearances. Kant argues, subsequently, things themselves in some way cause these appearances. Kant maintains that things in themselves, independent of our perception, exist, and that they are the source of what we do perceive. All other things, which we think are perceived in intuition, being nothing but representations in the thinking beings, to which no object external to them corresponds in fact. Representations of our sensibility can be said to be reflections of our mind. Kant makes this claim stating, â€Å"The understanding intuits nothing but only reflects. † (Prolegomena). This proposes the question regarding idealism, because something cannot be fully understood, does it still exist? Unlike Idealism, which generally manifests skepticism, the existence of things is crucial to Kant’s philosophy. However, Kant insists we cannot know anything about these things purely through their appearance. Kant asserts: â€Å"which is unknown to us but is not therefore less real. † (Prolegomena). Kant is claiming this ideal is contrary to idealism. Descartes decided that he could throw all things into doubt except that he was thinking and doubting. This supports the concept of idealism because it emphasizes the centrality or importance of the mind. Descartes, like Plato and Augustine divided his world into two areas. For Descartes the two areas were the cogito and the Deity. Rationalists, like Descartes, aim to escape the confines of the mind by constructing knowledge of the external world, the self, the soul, God, ethics, and science out of the simplest, indubitable ideas possessed innately by the mind. Descartes argued that knowledge came from the mind, or idealism. It was Descartes’s idealism that would force him to his separation of the mind and body. Descartes believes in the ability to deny the existence of the physical world. Kant’s major disagreement with Descartes would be in postulating an existential reality outside of the mind. An object does not depend on a mind perceiving it for it to exist though the mind does depend on the transcendental categories to perceive of those objects in a meaningful way. â€Å".. Desire this idealism of mine to be called critical. But if it be really an objectionable idealism to convert actual things into mere representations†. (Prolegomena) Kant expresses his impulse to change transcendental idealism to critical idealism at the end of this section.

Culture’s will to copy Essay Example for Free

Culture’s will to copy Essay Globalization process is viewed as a means through which one can ratify often in extremely idealized form a account of oneself or culture that is observed as old or even origin but can lastly be realized: through these new means, one can become what one thinks one actually is (even if one never was). What might be trait of the Internet is that this ‘realization’ is certainly ‘expansive’. Globalization process has an emancipator technology ‘Internet’ that is indefensible as the structural design of the technology harbors an instinctive class prejudice and other shades of power entitlements. Computers are intended and programmed by members of the elite culture and might imitate their cultural orientations and biases. For example, the wordsmith and semantic skills requisite to functions computers do not put up the cultural orientations of several marginal electorates. As Laikwan Pang, Cultural Control in journal said, â€Å"Culture’s will to copy [is] fuelled by the globalization process, which drives’ the world to desire similar but different products, to acquire similar but different tastes†. (Laikwan Pang, Cultural Control, p8). Globalization is as well redefining societies and restructuring society into new forms of social networks. New standards and terms for private and proficient relationships are promising (Buck 1996; Gates 1995; Baym 1995). The London Times (June 17, 1996) stated: People in every kinds of career categories need to recognize how to use this tool so as to get ahead starting now. Admittance to the information freeway might establish to be less a question of dispensation or position than one of the fundamental capability to function in a democratic society. Admittance to the cyberspace might very well establish how well people are knowledgeable, the type of job they ultimately get, and how they are retrained if they mislay their job, how much access they have to their government and how they will be taught about important issues concerning them and the country. (Ratan 1995: 25) Moreover, global media is not repressed by the intrinsic biases apparent in sexism, racism, and classism establish in face-to-face encounters. As a substitute, the global media presents a discussion that supports broad partaking and underlines merit over class. Practical communities permit secluded individuals to converse in a manner that protects them from the social prospect and sanctions linked with physically distinct communities (Turtle 1995). Virtual societies are unified and significant social aggregations that permit people to take on in adequate relations to form personal and group relations (Rheingold 1993). Global media represents Hollywood that spins around the analysis of Hollywoods division of labor, what the authors call the New International Division of Cultural Labor (NICL). This division of labor is certainly international because U. S. film exports have reached $11 billion, and Hollywoods proportion of the world market is double what it was in 1990 (Miller et al. , 2001, pp. 4-5). Global sales have become so significant that in 2001 the studios take apart their international offices to run all global distribution from their headquarters. The authors argue that Hollywoods command of the NICL distinguishes Hollywood from other industries that are increasingly globalizing. The entire book focuses on answering this question: Is Hollywood really giving the people of the world what they want, or does it operate via a brutal form of monopoly-capitalist business practice? (p. 15). Global Hollywood maintains that Hollywoods global authority is due to the clout of its allocation, legal, and economic structures, as opposed to a combination of advantages resultant from the diversity of its domestic audience and its narrative transparency. As this argument has been frequently made by proponents of the cultural imperialism thesis, Miller and his colleagues take a fresh approach that focuses on what they call occasionality (p. 13), which is defined as the specific `uptake of a text by a community (p. 177). Amongst other innovations, the authors focus on the role of audience, and on the idea of rights, while bringing the significant issue of cultural hybridist to political economic analysis. In the short space of twenty five years somewhat which started as US defense inventiveness has developed into the major communications means for the academic and investigates community and most newly has prolonged into a main business tool for the marketable sector. The Internet has developed throughout this period from being a vigorous and effectual way of exchanging information to offering a delivery means for immense amounts of multimedia information to a global audience. While individuals began to use the global media for worldwide communication, its profound effect on how we treat information transfer, organization, and development could not have been anticipated. Internet communication applications permit rapid and simple copy, revision, and transfer of information in textual, visual, and auditory forms. Though the assortments of participants who access it do not all the time agree on whether information must be cosseted or shared, the majority of the Internet community uses, copies, and transfers the information there without restraint. The Internet is a medium for activating ideological consideration; World Wide Web (Web) documents holding multiple links to diverse authors sites as well as e-mail posts restraining various writers materials reify the theory that knowledge is raised from numerous sources. But commercial units that use the Internet to promote products and spend in the materials that they load to the Web desire to keep their digitized materials from copy, revision, and transfer. The corporal operation of the Internet forms a forum where oppositional views concerning control of information collide. The extreme nature of the Internet supports a clash between the constructionist ideology that symbolizes the academic humanist community and the Romantic beliefs that symbolizes traditional legal community. This junction amongst humanistic studies, the intellectual property law, and the Internet, joined with their attendant communities, engenders conflicts in thought and exploit and offers a generous basis from which to investigate intellectual property and information control. Though participants in humanist, legal, and global media communities retain varied ideological beliefs and goals, their common interests meet in forming and treating communicative terms, whether textual, digital, or auditory. More significant, these communities of participants, communally, through socially raised ideologies, contribute in creating approaches toward authorship, possession, and property, and eventually, in generating the power to form and manage knowledge. The dealings amongst these areas can be viewed practically and hypothetically. Globalization, therefore, can tell us diverse stories of the nation state, developing it are relationally and challenged internal and external boundaries. There would be few people concerned in globalization who would, as Green (1997:157) seems to propose, believe that ‘the nation state was disappearing’, even if it’s taken-for-granted status comes to be issued and attempts at self-reproduction become increasingly transparent. The spatial-temporal location of the nation-state is itself brought to the fore by globalization. Globalization is frequently taken to have a single course or logic that results in an augmented uniformity transversely the globe. However, despite the influential effects of international capital and international media corporations, this is not sustainable and is not the stance adopted here. To presume that globalization is about, or results in, homogenization is to abridge the processes at work and, in a sense, to distance oneself from the very composite effects on space, place and uniqueness that globalizing processes bring to the fore. As Giddens (1990) among others suggests, as globalization has resulted in the spread of ‘Western’ institutions across the globe, that very drift produces a pressure for local independence and identity. In other words, globalization is concerning examining places as concurrently traversed by the global and local in ways that have been strengthened by the modern compression of space and time. Thus, alongside the global accessibility of satellite television, McDonald’s and Arnold Schwarznegger films, there is the confirmation of, for instance, local, regional and ethnic identities. Certainly, some transnational companies have overtly adopted strategies of ‘globalization’, expanding their influence around the globe, as situating themselves and their products and services within the local conditions. These might be a response to global influences, but they are however part of globalization and not a refutation of it. What this suggests is that in modern times the local is as much a condition for globalization as the global; space and place are negotiated by the global-local nexus of globalizes space-time compressions. ‘Time-space distanciation, disembedding, and reflexivity mean that composite relationships develop between local activities and communication across distances’ (Waters 1995:50). The assimilation of the globe reconfigures rather than supersedes diversity. Globalization ‘does not essentially imply homogenization or integration. Globalization simply implies greater connectedness and de-territorialisation’ (Waters 1995:136). This problematisation argues that a particular Eurocentric culture can no longer be measured an ‘authentic, self-evident and true universal culture in which all the world’s people ought to believe’ (Lemert 1997:22)—a position which of course itself would not command universal acquiesce. The cultural renaissance resultant from decolonization is the new face of autonomy in international law. Old definitions of freedom focusing on ethnic separation and tight territorial boundaries are becoming ever more outdated. The most interesting and pioneering ideas concerning self-determination are presently being developed by indigenous peoples. Theoretical discussions of prejudice, identity, individuality and universalism might seem remote and incoherent from harsh realities. But these debates do reveal why human rights themselves can spell awful trouble for indigenous peoples. The effects of human rights, intellectual property, transformation and self-determination based on evidently universal ideas of individuality and nationality can consequence in the death of indigenous communities. This is not a current phenomenon. It is the experience of colonization for too many people. And yet, international human rights discourse can also give a mechanism for anti-colonial struggles and the protection of indigenous rights, as the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations would certainly support. Nowhere is the inconsistency of human rights, culture and individualism as explicit as it is with the rights of indigenous peoples. Moreover, the practical view offers questions and answers to the nuts and bolts of each day treatment of intellectual property power issues. Though interpretive in nature, the practical deportment is rule-based, centered in issues concerning the assortment of original works noted under the law and formative infringement of copyright. An extensive variety of individuals use and produce copyrighted materials in their daily work, often ignorant of the consequences of their actions for probable infringement of the work of others or infringement by others of their own work. Engineers, technical communicators, computer scientists, architects, scientists, and educators, among others who characterizes our diverse national workforce, use and turn out intellectual products such as manual, applications, progress reports, yearly reports, analytical reports, and other technical documents. They as well form non-textual informational materials such as photographs and hand drawn graphics, software, videos, and multimedia products. Additionally, numerous creators acquire information through the global media, together with digital communications such as e-mail and data blocks, as well as graphics, video clips, and sound bytes. Workplace inventors might not be conscious of the special category of law that restrains the rights in the work they turn out. Equally agency laws and the â€Å"work for hire† set of guidelines, which falls under copyright law, state writers rights to their work and treat questions explicit to employees. Educators, particularly, are facing ever more intricate questions concerning forming and using materials for teaching. besides creating workplace products, educators also develop materials for classes in the forms of instructor package that comprise works copied from anthologies and journals, handouts, tests, and instructional transparencies or websites that might be derived from sources formed by other instructors or authors in their fields. The legal argument over what is considered infringement in using these â€Å"course packets† is massive. Instructors might also covet to use materials acquired from the global media. The customary treatment of global media sources as â€Å"free use† forms fussy questions concerning what constitutes infringement in the digital ground. There is also enduring debate over the capability of a browser merely to access a World Wide Web site devoid of infringement. Several legal analysts indicate that the National Information Infrastructures White Paper comprises language that, if construed closely, would forbid admittance to intellectual property on the Internet although the same intellectual property would be available if it were in the shape of print media. For instance, a stringent interpretation of the National Information Infrastructures (NII) White Paper would forbid the mere act of opening a file and reading it on the Internet as the act of producing text in digitized form needs making a â€Å"copy† of the original work. Though the White Paper was formed in 1996, its protectionist stance echoed in legislative development of copyright protection, wherein the No Electronic Theft Act (1998) criminalizes copyright violation and the Sonny Bono Copyright Extension Act (1999) expands copyright protection for a further twenty years. In light of the more and more preventive treatment of copyrighted materials, instructors might be confused over whether they can make non-infringing uses of World Wide Web materials for classroom uses at all (Strong, William S. 1990). Increasingly, numerous instructors inquire students to copy and develop sources procured from the Internet, such as interactions from UseNet News, Internet Relay Chat, and MOOs, and graphics or text files that they can download from the World Wide Web. Though fair use does not converse directly to questions concerning the Internet, it still controls questions of infringement within educational settings. Courts should instigate to apply fair use to issues that are convoluted by use of technology to give new instruction, but until then, prospective litigants looking for answers to complex legal questions must gain a clear considerate of existing law as the best means to recognize its possible interpretation in cases treating issues concerning the Internet. We can say that with the increasing use of internet the issue of Copyright infringement is also become very common. â€Å"Infringement is a breach of the rights of a copyright holder by copying, performing, publishing, displaying, or creating a copied work from an expression protected under copyright† (Strong, William S. 1990). Infringement can take the form of a photocopy, scanned digitization, or other mechanically formed copy, but it can as well take place in videotape, audiotape, performance, or exhibit of a copyrighted work. Providing evidence infringement is at times a complex process, needing that the belligerent party first found a right to control the copyright of the work, then that he or she proves that the work has been infringed. Infringement is further hard to prove while the accused infringer has distorted the work to such a degree that it is hard to sustain the considerable similarity argument and while the initiative and the expression are so wholly merged that use of the idea, which is obtainable in public domain, is corresponding to use of the expression. A more widespread defense aligned a claim of infringement; however, is the scenes a faire principle, which argues that general means of expression of ideas cannot be infringement of anothers work. A typical example is the formal report format used in technical documents. In this case, the means of expression has turn so widespread to the business worlds cultural scaffold of understanding that its use summons connotative expression itself, much similar to a classification of â€Å"technical report. † Copyright infringement elevates legal issues for Internet service providers as well as other global media caught up in network management. The law emerges to be moving away from strict accountability toward a new typical of actual knowledge (Packard, 1998). In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, ISPs are not legally responsible for copyright infringement if the bringer does not have definite knowledge that the material or an activity using the material on the system or network is infringing (Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, Circular 92 Pub. L. 105 304, Sec. 512 [c]). Though, upon attaining such knowledge or wakefulness, the provider should act expeditiously to eliminate, or hinder access to, the material. This stipulation has free-expression insinuations. Copyright law is a moderately recent phenomenon based on the supposition that inspired intellectual property desires to be protected and rewarded (Packard, 1998). By distinguishing that online services cannot scrutinize their content for infringing material and function professionally, Congress has given them a green light to expand to their full prospective (p. 37). The copyright extension for elite ownership for ninety-five years, up from twenty-eight years in the original 1790 law, has been dared in court by Eldritch Press. Under the new law, the publisher would be requisite to eradicate work that has been in the public domain under the preceding limit of seventy-five years. The global media and its technologies have offered fertile view for the creation of new communication technologies. Inventors functioning on such troubles as digital compression as well as network data-transfer speeds need patent protection to be capable to expand new products. Information technology has also taken a diversity of patent suits as inventors extend the new industry. Lucent Technologies, for example, sued Cisco Systems and indicted it of infringing eight digital networking patents. Cisco then charged that Lucent violated three of its patents. Lucent holds thousands of patents on former Bell Lab and ATT research operations, and analysts feared that the aggressive action by Lucent was threatening to smaller high-tech companies. Computer-chip giant Intel called a patent infringement action by TechSearch a nuisance lawsuit (Packard, 1998). As technology continues to become more multifaceted and consistent, patent disputes are probable to propagate. Generally, most patent cases do not have a substantive collision on free expression. Thus the main features of the global media regime are linked to infringement and intellectual property concerns. The strategy for these aspects of the establishment is the principle that the costs of Internet-related infrastructural development shall be borne mainly by the private sector and the standard those governments shall entrust themselves to economic liberalization, privatization, and regulatory programs dependable with this and other regime principles. As the utmost basis of legal conflict is that between authors and users rights, the most significant policy issue is cared for specifically in the Constitutions intellectual property stipulation. The goal of the copyright act is to make sure free speech and the progression of knowledge through our legitimate protection of the right to distribute information. The unique constitutional provisions designate the intent to make sure the expansion of knowledge in civilization based in a congressional grant to authors of a partial monopoly of rights in their works: The fair use stipulation makes clear that the key goal of the statute is to support learning. These changes notwithstanding, the divergence between authors rights and the goal to encourage knowledge, inner to the copyright debate since its setting up, continues. Sadly, the public policy issue is frequently ignored in respect to concerns over economic interests. The everyday application of law essentially focuses on treating conflict between individuals. Lawyers are trained specially to congregate the needs of the legal system and are inexpensively supported by their work in this area. However the policy issues following the statute are really most significant to us as educators and to our society as a whole because those who manage the development of knowledge in a culture eventually establish who we are as a people. Philosophy and the goals that convoy it drive our view of policy issues. Thought determines how we view authorship, possession, and property and eventually affects not only how intellectual property law is proscribed but how information and communication that are inner to the dialogic processes within the nation are proscribed, as well as decisive who controls them. An assessment of ideological choices in request to intellectual property thus renders significant understanding of the probable effect of the law on our cultural future. Gaining a considerate of intellectual property issues is inner to understanding our rights as users and producers of knowledge. The actions we acquire to influence egalitarian access to information can have enduring ramifications for society, as authorship makes control, control generates authority, and authority generates power. We must take every step needed to ensure that the controlling voices of the few but authoritative are reasonable by the yet-unheard voices of the weaker multitudes. Reference: Baym N. K. 1995. The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication. In S. G. Jones, ed. , CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, pp. 13863. Buck K. 1996. Community organizing and the Internet. Neighborhood Works, 19, 2, p. 2. Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, Circular 92 Pub. L. 105 304, Sec. 512 [c] Gates B. 1995. The Road Ahead. New York: Viking Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press. Green, A. (1997) Education, Globalisation and the Nation State, London: Macmillan. http://www. washingtonwatchdog. org/rtk/documents/cong_hearings/senate/107/senatehearing107_77094. html http://www/stephenking. com Laikwan Pang`s 2005 article `Copying Kill Bill` social Text, No. 83, 133-153. London Times, June 17, 1996. Packard A. (1998). Infringement or impingement: Carving out an actual knowledge defense for sysops facing strict liability, Journalism Mass Communication Monographs, no. 168 (December). Ratan S. 1995. Time (spring):25-26. Rheingold H. 1993. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley. Strong, William S. The Copyright Book: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: MIT P, 1990. Toby Miller et. al, 2001 `Hollywood`s Global Rights` in Toby Miller et. al. , Global

Miscarriages of justice helped to change investigating

Miscarriages of justice helped to change investigating Investigative interviewing is of paramount importance in every legal system in the world. The development of Investigative interviewing has led to the hope that positive reaction would be received from witnesses and reliability of evidence would be achieved. However, various cases of miscarriages of justice has occurred causing lack of confidence in the criminal justice system. The purpose of this study is to learn more about how cases of miscarriages of justice have helped to change investigative interviewing practices for the better. It is hoped that information from this study may be useful in identifying the improvements in investigative interviewing as a result of cases of miscarriages of justice. One area of policing that involves considerable face-to-face interaction with members of the public and where expectations of both police and public are likely to be influential and where relations of trust and confidence are vital is when police officers interview witnesses of crime (Roberts, 2010). In the past, police officers lacked confidence in themselves and their abilities, and they constantly assumed that every suspect was guilty therefore failing to extract accurate and reliable evidence, had poor interviewing skills and where unprofessional in the approach in which they carried out their interviews.  In any police inquiry, police officers may be interested in only a proportion of the information that a witness can provide (Robert, 2010).They resorted to violence and verballing during interviews and this resulted in false confessions from suspects. In the past, investigators in both the public sector and the police saw interviews as a means of gaining a confession, rather than gathering accurate information and a full account (Shawyer and Walsh, 2007). Confessions could vary from voluntary confession where there is no existence of external factors, coerced compliant confession such as aggressive questioning and coerced internalized confession where the interviewee beliefs he committed the crime due to pressure and stress put on them during the interviewing process. Vulnerable suspects such as children and people with physical or mental challenges are prone to coerced internalized confession thereby resulting to miscarriages of justice. Miscarriage of justice arose as a result of police malpractice and incompetence, inadequate prosecution processes, problematic trial practices and failure of authorities to protect citizens from known dangers (Adler and Gray, 2010). Fishers inquiry 1977 showed wrongly convictions of three youths who confessed to the murder of Maxwell Confait. His report highlighted that two of the youth were vulnerable suspects and that there were tendencies for the confessions to be achieved by violence, hectoring or bullying. There was no evidence to show that the replies of these suspects were said freely and accurately recorded. Fisher recommended that a Royal commission examine the law and procedure relating to the prosecution of offenders and thus creating a better framework regulating custodial questioning of suspects by the police. The Royal commission on criminal procedure commissioned a series of research studies including one that examined the police role in the investigation of offences (Adler and Gray, 2010). The Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure believed it was essential that the public have confidence in the method of investigation by the police in order to enhance co-operation. In 1975 the Guildford Four were jailed for life for bombing pubs in Guildford. The case was abolished after the four men had spent 15 years in jail. The case against them was found to be flawed and the credibility of the notes of interview was undermined as being not written up immediately. In 1974, The Birmingham Six were also convicted IRA bombers accused of killing 21 people and injuring more than 160. They spent 16 years in jail before being released in 1991 after the forensic evidence which had formed much of the basis for the case was found to be questionable. Further the Maguire Seven (1976) including six members of the same family were imprisoned for handling explosives. The scientific evidence which formed the basis of the case was later discredited and the case overturned in 1991(Green, 2009). All these miscarriages of justice emphasized the flaws in the criminal justice system. This brought about the introduction of Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE), 1984. The act pr ovided a Code of Practice which covered various areas such as detention, treatment and questioning by police and tape recording of interviews. The code of practice gave detainees the right to notify someone of their arrest, access to a free legal advice, no change to the rights to remain silent. It also emphasized the improvement in the area of note taking and tape recording, the presence of an appropriate adult when a vulnerable suspect is interviewed, the treatment of the suspect in custody and regulations on which the interview would be based on. It set out the right balance between the power of the police and the freedom and rights of the public. The secrecy of police stations was challenged: officers became used to seeing solicitors, social workers, family members and researchers in custody areas (Dixon, 2010).The purpose was to introduce the use of tape recording during interviews and eradicate the use of violence and verballing to get a confession. However, adequate training was lacked in the use of tape recording by police officers therefore creating grounds for them to continue interviewing without tape recorders hence interrogation took place in an environment which increases the vulnerability of the suspects and maximizes the authority and control of the police (Green, 2009). The court became aware of officers lack of compliance to PACE and increased pressure in order to ensure compliance by making the investigators listen and review their performance. The use of such inappropriate tactics, however, was found to decrease after the introduction of PACE (Irving and Mckenzie, 1989). However, police interviewing was still poor even after the PACE was introduced and this was due to inadequate training in interviewing. Police officers have the mentality that interviewing skills cannot be acquired in class but in practice and therefore tend to act like their mentors who hardly portray the correct skills. Police officers training was more on taking reports rather than gathering information. In the case of Cardiff 3, who were alleged with the murder of Lynette White in 1988 spent four years in prison before it was admitted that they were victims of miscarriage of justice. Although the police officers used tape recording and a solicitor was present during the interview it was observed that the approach taken by the officer was one of hostility and intimidation to the suspect. The development of DNA science and pressure placed by Satish Sekar helped to identify the actual murderer and proved their innocence. In the case of Thomas Henron who was on trial for the murder of a young girl, this was not a miscarriage of justice but rather a failure in investigative approach. The investigation was based on pressurizing the suspect, offering of unreasonable incentive and falsification of the witness evidence. These provided a background of distrust of police and shaken confidence in beliefs about the matchless superiority of English justice (Dixon, 2010). These cases emphasized th e need for improvements in the interrogation of suspects and the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) published the first national training for interviewing known as the PEACE approach to investigative interviewing which was introduced in 1992 which was aimed at ensuring that investigators developed adequate skills in order to conduct interview with integrity and ensure interviews conducted are in line with the law. Following a series of miscarriages of justice in the UK where police interviewing methods were severely criticized an ethics-based approach to interviewing was devised that aimed to minimize the risks of unreliable evidence and negative reactions from witnesses (Robert, 2010). An investigative interview is a structured conversation with a party to a crime with the aim of recording that persons account of events (Green, 2009). Investigative interviewing was developed by a group of psychologists and police practitioners (Dixon, 2010). The role of investigative interview is to approach interviews with an open mind and fairness (even if questioning has to be persistent) in order to obtain accurate and reliable information from suspects, witnesses and victims with the aim of discovering the truth and testing the information received against what the officer already knows or has reasonably established and also bearing in mind that vulnerable people, whether victims, witnesses or suspects m ust be treated with particular consideration at all times (National Crime Faculty, 1996, p.18) . PEACE is an acronym for P-Planning and Preparation, E-Engage and Explain, A-Account, C-Closure, and E-Evaluation. PEACE was a five day training organized to improve investigative interviewing. Planning and preparation aids in understanding the essence of the interview and the impact on the investigation. The officer should highlight areas to focus based on points to prove and possible defences. These points should be compared with evidence received. All evidence received in favor of the interviewee should also be highlighted as the investigator has a duty to be open-minded. Adequate knowledge of PACE also helps the officer to be ready prior to the interview. Planning and preparation is essential has it helps the officer prepare and plan for an interview before the commencement hence achieving the aim and objective of the interview. The investigator explains the purpose and expectations of the interview to the suspect thus creating the right atmosphere. During this stage it is essential to create a rapport with the suspect as this makes the suspect comfortable with the investigator. In order to achieve rapport the investigator has to pay adequate attention to the process of social skills cultivates an active listening strategy habit. There are three classes of witnesses, the compliant witness, reluctant witness and the hostile witness. Compliant witnesses are individuals who wish to cooperate fully with the police and are keen to pass information to them. Reluctant witnesses may not wish to interact with the police and may not be forthcoming with information. Hostile witnesses are individuals who may be overtly hostile to the police, may refuse to give information, and may even attempt to disrupt interviews (Robert, 2010). In order to get substantive and quality account an investigator could either use the cognitive interview or the free recall interview but in a situation where the suspect is being difficult the investigator could use conversation management. Free call allows the interviewee to fully articulate their account followed by probing to obtain uncontaminated detail. Conversation management on the other hand is usually with suspects or uncooperative interviewees who require free recall followed by prob ing and challenges where appropriate. Cognitive interview is a full cognitive reinstatement with a compliant interviewee who is willing to cooperate fully (Green, 2009). When closing the interview the investigator ensures that accurate account has been received thereby creating a positive impression to the public and preventing negative emotional reactions such as anger and anxiety. The investigator also has to maintain rapport in order to minimize the witness anxiety and distress and maximizes the disclosure of useful information. Evaluating the quality of the information received performance of the interviewer in terms of self evaluation and identifying other information that would be needed for the interview. Training was organized for all police officers in order to educate them on the PEACE model. The facilitators of the training were majorly inexperienced trainers rather than qualified investigators. The police officers did not embrace the PEACE model at first and this affected the purposed role of the model. Clarke and Milne (2001) conducted a national evaluation of PEACE by examining interviewers investigative skills when conducting interviews with suspects and witnesses. They found a great gap in the interviewing skills of both the trained and untrained officers of the PEACE model. However, improvements were noted in the area of legal requirements, ethical approach and questioning skills rather than the communication aspects of the interview or the structural development of the interviewees account. Instead of the police to focus on the verbal and non- verbal actions of the interviewee and using that as a base for the next question their focus was on statement taking and this therefore caused poor recording of account and interviewing. They also observed poor interviewing skills as officers were using less of cognitive interviewing and less conversation management. This caused officers to be frustrated and allowing them return to the old ways of interviewing. The original PEACE model w as rigid as it assumed that all interviewees would be co-operative with the interviewer and this was not the case in most interviews. Although the PEACE model was generally accepted as it offered an excellent framework for investigative interviews and its principles were sound it was still obvious that a reform was needed (Green, 2009). In the years following the implementation of PEACE certain forces recognized that the one size fits all model was not sufficient to cater for all needs (Griffiths, Milne, 2005). Crimes which were regarded as serious such as murder required a more effective and ethical interview process. Clark and Milne (2001) made 19 recommendations and the focus was on interview guidance, supervision and training. They recommended an interview supervisor policy because they observed that the quality of the interviews where better when supervisors were present. Supervision would enable efficient use of the interview guidance and help assess the skills of the officers thereby indicating areas where improvements are required. These recommendations were taken up by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and further developed into the ACPO Investigative Interviewing Strategy: A national initiative. They also observed that the officers were bombarded with so much to learn when they had not grasped the earlier stage. A five tiered structure approach was introduced to improve the quality of investigative interviewing for various levels of officers. Tier 1 was meant for Foundation for probationers and it focused on basic investigation highlighting the importance of free recall and conversation management in obtaining account when carrying out an interview. Tier 2 focused on uniform investigators and detectives and enhanced cognitive interview was taught in this stage. Tier 3 was meant for specialists. This tier looks into enhanced cognitive interviews in advanced interviewing of suspects and specialist interviews that is, interviewing of vulnerable witnesses. Tier 4 was meant for interview supervisors who do not necessarily have to have the skills of the specialist but must at least be trained up to Tier 2 as these supervisors duty is to identify areas in which trainings are required, ensure ethical approach is used when conducting an interview and standards are maintained (Green, 2009). Tier 5 focuses on interview advisors, managers, coordinator for specialist interviews whose role is to advise senior investigative officers on essential interviewing strategies for serious and complex crime. Thinking of an investigation in this holistic way has brought great benefit to the overall strategy of a major inquiry some of which are highly complex long term investigations requiring intimate knowledge of detail and consistency (Green, 2009). Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) sponsored a program which is aimed at enhancing improvement in the area of professional capability and experience of investigators. This resulted in enhancement in the role of supervisors and interview advisors to ensuring officers conduct investigative interviewing at a professional level. It is clear, therefore that poor investigative interviewing would lead to several cases of miscarriages of justice. The fact that most officers views on interviews where based on aggression and uncertainty rather than acceptance and enthusiasm caused a lot of problems in the legal system. Focusing on getting a confession in order to speedily apprehend an offender rather than obtaining accurate and reliable account from the suspects, victims or witnesses in order to achieve good quality information during an investigative process could be damaging in the sense that suspects, victims and witnesses especially vulnerable suspects would be prone to be apprehended for offenses which they did not commit. In order to minimize miscarriages of justice good questioning skills must be developed by investigators to attain an accurate and reliable account. Improvement in technology and Forensic evidence has helped in reducing cases of miscarriages of justice. For example the use of DNA which could help in determining the actual suspect, CCTV which shows a recording of what happened at a particular venue at a certain time and also the use of lie detectors which could be used to determine if the suspect is lying. Investigators should also tend to be sensitive when interviewing a vulnerable suspect, victims and witnesses as this would go a long way in preventing future miscarriages of justice. Above all, investigative interview as improved over the years through the introduction of different Acts such as The Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1978-1981) which brought about wide ranging protections for suspects. Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) focused on the use of tape recorders when interviewing a suspect with the aim of reducing the violence and verballing of suspects. The PEACE approach brought about preparing and planning an interview before commencement, engage and explain to the witness or suspect or victims the aim of the interview, expectations and the proc edure in which the interview would be carried out, the process of account retrieval, maintaining rapport and preventing negative reactions from suspect while bringing the interview to a close and evaluating the product of the interview. Trainings were also organized for investigator in order to enhance questioning skill by using enhanced cognitive interviews, conversation management techniques. Interviewing supervisory policy was also introduced to aid increase in the quality of the information received during the interviews and identifies areas where improvements are required. This study has shown that investigative interviewing is of paramount importance in the legal system and in order to achieve these investigators must constantly improve in their interviewing skills. Improvements in investigative interviewing to be effective and ethical has helped to reduce the cases of miscarriages of justice

Abortion is a Global Issue :: Essays Papers

Abortion is a Global Issue Sonia Correa wrote an article for Women’s International Network News entitled â€Å"Abortion is a Global Political Issue†. In this article, abortion is looked at as a political issue that affects the world. The idea of a mother terminating her own pregnancy has been an issue since the Ancient Romans ruled the known world and Christianity was established. They did not believe in depopulating a world when the expected age of death for four out of 100 people was 50 years of age. The Catholic Church in the time of the Inquisition was permitting extreme punishment for women who aborted their babies and their midwives, if they assisted in the abortion. After the United States ruled on the constitutionality of abortion in 1973, Senator Jesse Helms achieved an agreement of a provision prohibiting American aid funds in activities related to abortion. Correa uses logic and reasoning in her article that abortion is a political issue that affects the entire world. She states that â€Å"†¦abortion is a worldwide public health problem.† One example is in the time of the Roman Empire. During this time period, the world was having a crisis with depopulation and fertility was looked at as a blessing. Killing an innocent, unborn child would have been unheard of at that time period. Another instance is the European Catholic Inquisition tracked down and even executed those who would abort a child. These women being executed, usually thought as witches, were the mothers and the midwives. The logic of these times would not make abortion a way of life. Abortion was portrayed as wrong for oneself and wrong for the society in which they lived. Many credible sources are used to show how abortion is a political issue that affects the world. The United States Supreme Court in 1973 decided on the constitutionality of abortion. Senator Jesse Helms approved a condition that prohibited activities that were related to abortion were not permitted to use American funds. During this period of time the Right to Life movement was growing. A group of agents from this movement decided to get their point across to bomb clinics and kill the doctors who performed abortions.

How the concentration of an acid affects the rate of reaction on marble chips :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

How the concentration of an acid affects the rate of reaction on marble chips Background: These different speeds of reaction are referred to as their rates. The rate of reaction depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles collide with each other. Particles have to collide in order to react, and the have to collide hard enough as well. This is called the collision theory. When the temperature is increased the particles all move quicker. If they are moving quicker then they are going to have more collisions. Reactions only happen if the particles collide with enough energy. At a higher temperature there will be more particles colliding with enough energy to make the reaction happen. This initial energy is known as the activation energy, and it is needed to break the initial bonds. If one of the reactants is a solid then breaking it up into smaller pieces will increase its surface area. This means the particles around it in the solution will have more area to work on so there will be more useful collisions. A catalyst works by giving the reacting particles something to stick to where they can bump into each other. This obviously increases the number of collisions too. If the solution is made more concentrated it means that there are more particles of reactant knocking about between the water molecules, which makes collisions between the important particles more likely. Chemists overseeing large reactions in industrial situations must carefully consider the rates of reactions. For some reactions, such as the production of a final material, fast reactions will be desirable to increase production and therefore sales profit. For other reactions, such as the degradation of a material, reducing the rate may be beneficial to increase the lifetime of a product. Times Education Series Chemistry GCSE Plan: I will investigate how the concentration affects the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (marble chips). The rate of reaction can be measured by measuring the amount of gas produced after a certain amount of time. The reaction will take place in the conical flask from where the gas produced will travel into the up-turned measuring cylinder. The gas will then displace the water in the tube. I will measure out exactly 50ml of 1molar hydrochloric acid into the conical flask. I will then weigh out exactly or as close as possible to 2 grams of small sized marble chips. I will put the chips into the flask with the acid and immediately place the bung over it so as to lose as little gas as possible. I will then take readings at intervals of fifteen seconds.

Frankenstein Info. :: essays research papers

Author: Mary Shelley Country England Title Frankenstein Genre: Fiction/Horror 1. Characters, with a brief description of each. Victor Frankenstein: He is the main character, a paradigm of ambition and curiosity. He does not know when to stop, and therefore loses everything. Elizabeth Lavenza: She is the sweet sister-bride of Victor. With flawless personality, she represents the hope for escape to a good future. Caroline: As Victor's mother, she is as generous as can be. A bit controlling, she desires the marriage of Victor and Elizabeth from day one. Alphonse: Victor's father, a man who is kind and caring towards those in need. His happiness depends on the happiness of his children. If that fails, he does also. William: The youngest son of the Frankenstein family, he is victimized terribly and becomes a symbol of lost youth. Henry Clerval: Victor's best friend since childhood, he understands his friend better than any other character. He has opposite kinds of dreams and goals. Justine: A servant in the Frankenstein household who is more like a sister. She is accused of attacking William, and becomes another martyred symbol for lost youth. The Creature: He is the work of Frankenstein's hands, his greatest and worst passion rolled into one. The two have an unbreakable connection. Robert Walton: The stand-in for the reader, he is the person to whom Victor relates his entire history. He has much in common with the narrator: ambition, drive, desire for glory. De Lacey: He is the head of the household adopted by the creature. A blind man who is kind but has been robbed of his fortunes. Felix: The son of De Lacey, he is idealistic and not afraid to stand up for what he believes in. He loves his family with all his heart. Agatha: The daughter of De Lacey, she is a cheerful soul who lives to aid her brother and care for her father. She retains a level of class, even though she is poor. Safie: The betrothed of Felix, she is wonderfully exotic and beautiful. She also is cheerful, and loves to sing. 2. Settings, with a brief description of each.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frankenstein is set in the mountainous regions and woods surrounding the Frankenstein home in Geneva, with the opening of the book set in the Arctic region, amidst icebergs and dogsleds. Some of the story is also set in the dark regions of Scotland. 3. One paragraph plot summary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Walton corresponds with his sister in a letter while on expedition to the Arctic

Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 15

Part II Nesting Chapter 15 Learning the Licks They took their shoes off and did it again. The second time was less urgent and they tried to impress each other with their respective repertoires of mattress tricks. Jody was careful not to appear too experienced and Tommy pulled on everything he had ever read, from Penthouse to National Geographic, trying not to appear too naive, while fighting the urge to shout â€Å"Gee whiz† with her every move. There was entirely too much thinking involved on both their parts and they finished thinking, Well, that was pretty okay. Jody's fangs stayed safely sheathed behind her canines. She said, â€Å"What was that you shouted at the end?† â€Å"It was a Bantu love cry. I think it translates, ‘Oh baby, polish my lip saucer.  » â€Å"Interesting,† Jody said. They lay there for a while, not talking, feeling uncomfortable and a little embarrassed. Whatever intimacy they shared physically was not echoed emotionally. They were strangers. Tommy felt that he should confess something personal, something to match the outrageous trust she had put in him by telling him her secret. At the same time he was curious, and a little bit afraid. It wasn't as if she had shown him a hidden tattoo. She was a vampire. How do you match that? How do you file that? Under â€Å"Adventure,† he thought. I wanted adventure, and here it is. â€Å"Tommy,† she said, not looking at him, talking more or less to the ceiling, â€Å"I'll understand if you don't want to stay, but I'd like you to.† â€Å"I've never lived with anyone before. This is all new to me. I mean, you probably have a lot more experience than I do at this.† â€Å"Well, not exactly like this. I've lived with a few guys.† â€Å"A few?† â€Å"Ten, I think. But not under these circumstances.† â€Å"Ten? You must be ancient. No offense. I mean, I knew that you were older, but I thought it was just a few years. Not centuries.† She rolled over and looked him in the eye. â€Å"I'm twenty-six.† â€Å"Sure, you look twenty-six. But you've probably looked this way for years. You probably have pictures of yourself with Abraham Lincoln and stuff, right?† â€Å"No, I'm twenty-six. I've been twenty-six for about six months.† â€Å"But how long†¦ I mean†¦ Were you born like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I've been a vampire for four days.† â€Å"So you're twenty-six.† â€Å"That's what I've been telling you.† â€Å"And you've lived with ten guys?† She got out of bed and started gathering her clothes. â€Å"Look, I don't use the best judgment when it comes to relationships. Okay?† He turned away from her. â€Å"Well, thanks a lot.† â€Å"I didn't mean you. I meant in the past.† He sat on the edge of the bed and hung his head. â€Å"I feel so used.† â€Å"Used?† She leaped over the bed and stood in front of him. â€Å"Used?† She put her finger under his chin and lifted it until he was looking at her. â€Å"I've trusted you with the biggest secret I have. I've offered to share my life with you.† â€Å"Oh, like that's an exclusive privilege.† He pulled away from her and resumed pouting. Jody snatched a shoe off the floor and prepared to whack him with it, then remembered what she had done to Kurt and dropped it. â€Å"Why are you being such an asshole?† â€Å"You drank my blood!† â€Å"Yeah, well, I'm sorry about that.† â€Å"You didn't even ask.† â€Å"And you didn't protest, either.† â€Å"I thought it was a sex thing.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"It was?† He stopped pouting and looked up at her. â€Å"Does that turn you on?† Jody thought, Why are men never prepared for the toxic radiation of afterglow? Why can't they ride it through without becoming detached whiners or aggressive jerks? They don't get it, that cuddling afterward has nothing to do with warm, fuzzy feelings; it's just the most intelligent way to ride the wave of post-coital depression. â€Å"Tommy, I came so hard, my toes curled. No man has ever made me feel like that before.† How many times have I said that? she thought. â€Å"Yeah?† She nodded. He smiled, feeling proud of himself. â€Å"Let's do it again.† â€Å"No, we need to talk.† â€Å"Okay. But then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Put on your clothes.† Tommy scampered naked out of the bedroom to get a fresh pair of jeans from his suitcase. As he dressed, the infinite possibilities of life swam through his head. Only a week ago he had been staring down the barrel of a life spent in a factory town – of a union job, of a series of financed Fords, a mortgage, too many kids, and a wife who'd go to fat. Sure, there was a certain nobility in being responsible and raising a family – seeing that they never did without. But when his father told him on his eighteenth birthday that he needed to start planning his retirement, he felt his future tighten on him like an anaconda. His father had made it clear that the money for college wasn't there – so after he went to the City and starved, he could come home and get a job down at the factory and get down to the business of being an adult. But not now. He was a City guy now, part of the world; he was involved with a vampire, and the danger of living a normal, boring life had passed completely. He knew he should be afraid, but he was too elated to think about it. He slid into his jeans and ran back to the bedroom, where Jody was getting dressed. â€Å"I'm hungry,† he said. â€Å"Let's go out and get something to eat.† â€Å"I can't eat,† she said. â€Å"Not at all?† â€Å"Not as far as I know. I can't even keep a glass of water down.† â€Å"Wow. Do you have to have blood every day?† â€Å"I don't think so.† â€Å"Does it have to be – I mean, can you use animals, or does it have to be people?† Jody thought about the moth she had eaten and felt as if she'd just downed a cocktail mixed of two parts shame and five parts disgust, with a twist of nausea. â€Å"I don't know, Tommy. I didn't exactly get an instruction book.† He was bouncing around the room like a hyperactive child. â€Å"How did it happen? Did you sell your soul to Satan? Am I going to turn into a vampire? Are you in a coven or something?† She wheeled on him. â€Å"Look, I don't know. I don't know anything. Let me get dressed and we'll go get something for you to eat. I'll explain then, okay?† â€Å"Well, you don't have to bite my head off.† â€Å"Maybe I do,† she snarled, surprised at the acid in her voice. Tommy backed away from her, his eyes wide with fear. She felt horrible. Why did I say that? This was happening too often, this loss of control – showing her burned hand to the bum on the bus, knocking Kurt out, eating the moth, and now threatening Tommy; none of it seemed to be by choice. It was as if vampirism carried with it a crampless case of rattlesnake PMS. â€Å"I'm sorry, Tommy. This has been hard.† â€Å"It's okay.† He picked up the jeans she had destroyed and began emptying the pockets. â€Å"I guess these are done for.† He pulled out the business card that the motel manager had given him. â€Å"Hey, I forgot to tell you. This cop wants to talk to you.† Jody stopped in the middle of tying her shoes. â€Å"Cop?† â€Å"Yeah, an old lady was killed at the motel last night. There were a zillion cops around when I got there this morning. They wanted to talk to everyone that was staying in the motel.† â€Å"How was she killed, Tommy? Do you know?† â€Å"Somebody broke her neck and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped and stared at her, backing away again toward the bathroom. â€Å"What?† she demanded. â€Å"Her neck was broken and what?† â€Å"She'd lost a lot of blood,† he whispered. â€Å"But there weren't any wounds.† He bolted into the bathroom and shut the door. Jody could hear him throw the lock. â€Å"I didn't kill her, Tommy.† â€Å"That's fine,† he said. â€Å"Open the door. Please.† â€Å"I can't, I'm peeing.† He turned on the water. â€Å"Tommy, come out, I'm not going to hurt you. Let's go get you something to eat and I'll explain.† â€Å"You go ahead,† he said. â€Å"I'll catch up to you. Wow, I really had to go. Must have been all that coffee I drank today.† â€Å"Tommy, I swear I didn't know anything about this until you told me.† â€Å"Look at this,† he said through the door, â€Å"I found that crucifix I lost last week. And what's this? My lucky vial of holy water.† â€Å"Tommy, stop it. I'm not going to hurt you. I don't want to hurt anybody.† â€Å"Oh, my garlic wreath. I wondered where I'd put that.† Jody grabbed the door knob and yanked. The doorjamb splintered and the door came away in her hand. Tommy dived into the tub and peeked over the edge at her. She said, â€Å"Let's go get you something to eat. We need to talk.† He pulled himself up slowly, ready to dive down the drain if she made a move. She backed away. He looked at the ruined doorjamb. â€Å"We're going to lose our deposit now; you know that, right?† Jody threw the door aside and offered her hand to help him out of the tub. â€Å"Can I buy you some fries? I'd really like to watch you eat some French fries.† â€Å"That's weird, Jody.† â€Å"Compared to what?† They walked to Market Street where, even at ten o'clock, the sidewalks were crowded with bums and hustlers and teams of podiatrists who had escaped the Moscone Convention Center to seek out burgers, pizzas, and beer in the heart of the City. Jody watched the heat ghosts trailing the street people while Tommy handed out coins like a meter-maid angel trying to atone for a lifetime of giving chickenshit tickets. He dropped a quarter into the palm of a half-fingered glove worn by a woman who was pretending to be a robot, but who looked more like a golem newly shaped from gutter filth. Jody noticed a black aura around the woman, as she had seen around the old man on the bus; she could smell disease and the rawness of open lesions and she almost pulled Tommy away. A few steps away she said, â€Å"You don't have to give them all money just because they ask, you know.† â€Å"I know, but if I give them money I don't see their faces when I'm about to fall asleep.† â€Å"It doesn't really help. She'll just spend it on booze or drugs.† â€Å"If I was her, so would I.† â€Å"Good point,† Jody said. She took his arm and led him into a burger joint named No Guilt: orange Formica tables over industrial-gray carpet, giant backlit transparencies of food glistening with grease, and families gleefully clogging their arteries together. â€Å"Is this okay?† â€Å"Perfect,† Tommy said. They took a table by the window and Jody trembled while Tommy ordered a brace of burgers and a basket of fries. She said, â€Å"Tell me about the woman who was killed.† â€Å"She had a dog, a little gray dog. They found them both in the dumpster at the motel. She was old. Now she'll always be old.† â€Å"Pardon?† â€Å"People always stay the age that they died at. My big brother died of leukemia when I was six. He was eight. Now when I think of him, he's always eight, and he's still my big brother. He never changes, and the part of me that remembers him never changes. See. What about you?† â€Å"I don't have any brothers or sisters.† â€Å"No, I mean, are you going to stay the same? Will you always look like this now?† â€Å"I haven't thought about it. I guess it could be true. I know I heal really fast since it happened.† The waitress brought Tommy's food. He squirted ketchup on the fries and attacked. â€Å"Tell me,† he said around a mouthful of burger. Jody started slowly as she watched his every bite with envy, telling him first about her life before the attack, of growing up in Monterey and dropping out of community college when her life didn't seem to be moving fast enough. Then of moving to San Francisco, of her jobs and her loves and the few life lessons she had learned. She told him about that night of the attack in too much detail, and in the telling she realized how little she understood about what had happened to her. She told him about waking up, and of how her strength and senses had changed, and it was here that words began to fail her – there were no words to describe some of the things she had seen and felt. She told him about the call at the motel and about being followed by the other vampire. When she had finished she felt more confused than when she had started. Tommy said, â€Å"So you're not immortal. He said that you could be killed.† â€Å"I guess; I don't seem to change. All my childhood scars are gone, the lines on my face. My body seems to have lifted a little.† Tommy grinned. â€Å"You do have a great body.† â€Å"I could lose five pounds,† Jody said. She inhaled sharply and her eyes went wide, as if she'd just remembered some explosives she'd left in the oven. â€Å"Oh my God!† â€Å"What?† Tommy looked around, thinking she had seen something frightening, something dangerous. â€Å"This is horrible.† â€Å"What is it?† Tommy insisted. â€Å"I just realized – I'm always going to be a pudgette. I have jeans I'll never get into. I'm always going to need to lose five pounds.† â€Å"So what, every woman I've ever known thought she needed to lose five pounds.† â€Å"But they have a chance, they have hope. I'm doomed.† â€Å"You could go on a liquid diet,† Tommy said. â€Å"Very funny.† She pinched her hip to confirm her observation. â€Å"Five pounds. If he'd only waited another week to attack. I was on the yogurt-and-grapefruit diet. I would have made it. I'd be thin forever.† She realized that she was obsessing and turned her attention to Tommy. â€Å"How's your neck, by the way?† He rubbed the spot where she had bitten him. â€Å"It's fine. I can't even feel a mark.† â€Å"You don't feel weak?† â€Å"No more than usual.† Jody smiled. â€Å"I don't know how much I†¦ I mean, I don't have any way of measuring or anything.† â€Å"No, I'm fine. It was kind of sexy. I just wonder how I healed so fast.† â€Å"It seems to work that way.† â€Å"Let's try something.† He held his hand by her face. â€Å"Lick my finger.† She pushed his hand away. â€Å"Tommy, just finish eating and we can go home and do this.† â€Å"No, it's an experiment. My cuticles get split from cutting boxes at the store. I want to see if you can heal them.† He touched her lower lip. â€Å"Go ahead, lick.† She snaked out a tentative tongue and licked the tip of his finger, then took his finger in her mouth and ran her tongue around it. â€Å"Wow,† Tommy said. He pulled his finger out and looked at it. His cuticle, which had been split and torn, had healed. â€Å"This is great. Look.† Jody studied his cuticle. â€Å"It worked.† â€Å"Do another.† He thrust another finger in her mouth. She spit it out. â€Å"Stop that.† â€Å"Come on.† He pushed at her lips. â€Å"Pleeeeze.† A big guy in a Forty-Niners sweatshirt leaned over from the table next to them and said, â€Å"Buddy, do you mind? I've got my kids here.† â€Å"Sorry,† Tommy said, wiping vampire spit on his shirt. â€Å"We were just experimenting.† â€Å"Yeah, well, this isn't the place for it, okay?† â€Å"Right,† Tommy said. â€Å"See?† Jody whispered. â€Å"I told you.† â€Å"Let's go home,† Tommy said. â€Å"I've got a blister on my big toe.† â€Å"No fucking way, writer-boy.† â€Å"It's low in calories,† Tommy coaxed, prodding her foot with his sneaker. â€Å"Good, and good for you.† â€Å"Not a chance.† Tommy sighed in defeat. â€Å"Well, I guess we've got more to worry about than my toe or your weight problem.† â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Like the fact that last night I saw a guy in the store parking lot that I think was the other vampire.†

Mister

Of Bunt is practiced and why it is of benefit to the community. You may also mention the challenges to Bunt in this modern era. ‘Bunt is an African word for a universal concept. Bunt is the potential for being human, to value the good of the community above self interest. Bunt is to strive to help people in the spirit of service, to show respect to others and to be honest and trustworthy, are the words of Kevin Chaplin.Moreover, Bunt is second nature to us Africans, hence the fact that a number of us have not heard of it but practice it. In addition, the Mama community found in Iambi can be thought of as a perfect example of Bunt practitioners. Firstly, when looking at a typical settlement inhibited by the Mama people it would come across to you that they are one big family but most of them are not related through blood ties, which contradicts the observation of how they live together.In continuance, adults consider the children of their neighbors as their own as they let them eat and drink in the same plates and ups with their children and this simple and kind gesture teaches all the children the value of sharing which is one of the fundamental outlined in the concept of Bunt. Furthermore, these children grow up to be positive additions to the community and the nation.Dry Johann Broody at a conference said†My neighbor's sorrow Is my sorrow' (2006), which is another key concept when dealing with Bunt, as sorrow Is an obstacle which everyone has to go through and It usually comes In the form of death, Illness or other hurtful events. And when neighbors are struck by sorrow, the members of the community would never live those Individuals to mourn In solitude, they would mourn and weep with them as they are also touched by what has effected their neighbor. Moreover, this act signifies unity and the bond among the community members solidifies.On the other hand, Joy Is also shared because happiness Is only true once It Is shared with others and smiling a nd laughing about certain matters Is also another mall point of Bunt and that decreases tension teen Individuals which In turn means that there will be less violence. â€Å"To be Inhumane Is to be Like an animal† (Broody, 2006), humanness Is the very essence of Bunt and the manner In which one greets another Is a very delicate matter when It comes to the Mama people as one should greet others heartily and enquire In depth and the greatest detail about the other person's well being before anything else Is said or done.In addition, It Is also a sign of respect which Is very Important In a immunity and the Interest shown In the others life also strengthens the bond the community members have. Lastly, the thought of being helped out by another person In the light of today Is frowned upon because It Is considered as If you one Is lazy or parasitic. Moreover, the world thrives more on competition among people more than It did 20 years ago and sharing Ideas and resources does not ex ist anymore. Virtually, Bunt Is a beautiful concept of lifestyle, so much so that businesses have adopted It but In the modern era It Is considered more of a cliche than It Is a Mister The origin of the expression â€Å"Ladles First† has a very strange story, that as most people says. The story states that In eighteenth century In Italy, there was a son of a king falling in love with a very poor girl from the people of the kingdom. He faced a huge rejection from his kingdom family. The worst thing he ever faced Is the true love they had between. For the love they shared the son of the king and the poor girl they TLD want anything to destroy their love except death, so they decided to die gather.For that they decided to Jump over the edge from a very high climb. They went to the climb, the poor girl wanted to Jump first, but the son of the king can't handle to see her Jump from there. So he decided to Jump first, after he Jumped the poor girl couldn't handle the scene, so she changed her mind and decided not to lump. The poor girl came back to the village and married a poor guy same as her. This story shows that the women betrayal can't be compared to anythin g else. The girl betrayal her love for not dying; since that time the expression used as extend omen for making sure the woman will never betrayal the rest.After a while different meaning came upon â€Å"Ladies First† expression. Later on the expression had been used as a manner of a gentleman to show the morality of humanity from gentleman to ladies. This manner had been used as making the lady at first because as it known ladies are the spirit of this life, or as I can say it. In my opinion this expression are being used a lot when love is there, also when there is a specific business between a business man and a businesswoman as respect.The manners of immunity shows to us how we are human, it is always came by the heart with the use of mind. We respect each other for the difference in age, gender, cleverness, and a lot. The point of the use of â€Å"Ladies First† expression in respect is to make ladies ahead of us all the time recognition of her gender. Women are mo re sensitive and they always full of emotions. Men can't control her emotions and feelings, so we always prefer to make her the best out of the emotions and feelings she has that men doesn't have. The reality of emotion is controlled by the heart, not the mind.Most of the people can use a very small percentage of their mind to show their feelings and emotions; but at the end what controls the emotions Is the heart. Let's start over and let us see why we are discussing about the emotion while our mall point Is the expression â€Å"Ladles First† The reason behind that man has emotions over women, and that emotion goes to show our respect and our feeling upon that women. When men want to show that, they use the expression Ladles First to hide their Maximum. [email  protected] Com happiness of their real emotion from the woman. Mister Brazil It is almost impossible to consider any part of the Brazilian culture without considering Christianity. It Is the dominant religion of Brazil and reflects every aspect of Brazilian way of life: Beliefs, Politics, Economy, National Holidays, Medal reports, festive and community In general. In this essay I will try to focus on the lesser-known aspects and facts of Christianity embedded In the Brazilian culture. Brazil has a population of over 200 million habitants and one of the largest numbers of Catholics in the world .In 1970, 90% of Brazilian consider themselves Catholic but in 2010 his number has reduced to 65%2. The decreased of members of the Roman Catholic Church has been caused by the increase of Neo-Pentecostal churches and Afro- Brazilian religions. The greatest shift has been to evangelical Protestantism which now represents over 22% of the population. Brazil has many versions of Protestantism, most common are: the Fundamentalists, Baptists, Presbyterian and Methodis ts.Marx – Beliefs – Politics – Economics If we compare the decline of Catholicism and economic transformation of Brazilian society, we could reaffirm the work of Max Weeper's In the book â€Å"The Protestant Work Ethic and the Split of Capitalism. In the sass's the vast majority of Brazilian where Catholic, the economy was weak and the working class population were mainly agrarian. With the evolution of society into industrialized, second millennium, the number of protestant have increased, the economy improved a level that has become a world leader.According to Weber, it is much more than just a change of production processes, but also, a change in mentality. This change from Catholicism to Protestantism is â€Å"expressed socially with civic model and self-governance†4, taken lace with economic stability; people take their lives into their own hands and to an extent free themselves from the central government economy and society. Geographic similaritie s with Weeper's European analysis where it is true to say, the major concentration of Catholics are in the poorest are warmest-sunnier part while the Protestant are established In the Southern (cooler-climate) part of the country.The Power of the Catholic Church remain very strong Into Brazilian legislation. Examples can be seen in issues regarding abortion: Weeper's religion-shift is affirmed by the Brazilian political scenario. From 1964 to 1 985 (perhaps when the Catholicism was at its peak), the Brazilian government was ruled by an authoritarian military dictatorships. Political parties such as The Christian Democratic Party (PDP) were banned by the military regime and it was re-created shortly after the fall of the military regimen. In Weeper's view; people want to be involved in politics.Coincidently, today with larger number of Protestants, Brazilian political system is done via a rather democratic voting system; with elections held every 4 years and vote is impulsion for all citizens between 18 and 70 years old. Heroes' plays Important parts of Brazilian Christianity with 57% followers believing In saints. The most popular Include pilgrimages to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Senora Appareled where 26% among Catholics pray for the Intercession. According to the legend, In 1717, three fishermen were having bad luck in catching fish for an important festival lots of fish.Because of that and many other miracles attributed to the image, in 1737 a chapel was built and in 1745 public visits began. In 1930 the statue was proclaimed o be the principal patroness of Brazil. Over the years, the number of worshippers to Lady of Senora Apartheid increased and the chapel received two main enlargements, the latest in 1980 when it was considered the largest Marina temple and the second largest Basilica in the worlds. In addition to that, in the same year the Brazilian Federal Statute declared a National holiday named as the â€Å"Feast Day of Our Lady Apartheidâ €  to be held in each year in October 12.Another traditional pilgrimage date that attracts about 8 million pilgrims a year to the Chapel is the Brazilian Independence Day, September 7. Others popular Saints are: Saint Anthony, Saint Expedites, Saint George, Saint Jude, Saint Francis of Chassis and Saint Josephus. Rituals = The Catholicism practiced in Brazil is full of popular festivities rooted in centuries-old Portuguese traditions. Popular traditions include Christmas, Easter Sunday, Good Friday and â€Å"Fests Jungian† Noun Festival). â€Å"Fests Jungian† is a Catholic feast celebrated in the name of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter.The festivities are extremely popular in all urban areas and among all social classes ND lasts around two weeks in Jejunely. In many parts of the country, they are as popular as Carnival; and like Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing, dancing, drinking, and visual spectacles. June festival is an i mportant Brazilian festival because the retail, commerce and non-governmental (Nags) industry; shops, bars, restaurants, churches and charities develop marketing plans promoting their parties and events. Churches and No's proceeds are usually redirected to local, most-needed members of community.Values = In business, Brazilian tend to ‘deal' tit individuals, not companies. Brazilian businessmen will usually get to know one another before committing to long-term business dealings. Therefore, you will need to establish a trusting relationship with them if you wish to gain their business. It is important that you do not try to rush them into making decisions or forming relationships 2. Manicures for women and formal dress for both sexes are expected within corporate situations Socially, Brazilian are usually rather affectionate, tactile people. Men shake hands with one another, while women will kiss each other's' weeks in greeting.One of the Catholic-Christian-based and culture- representative- values is repeatedly yearly during the world largest and most famous Brazilian Carnival. The annual festive is held officially over four-day period prior to â€Å"Ash Wednesday' marking the forty-day erred before Easter. Carnival themes range from religious, political and economic commentaries. Carnival can be consider a way that the mass-population can express (demonstrate their views) in a sarcastic, without fear of political fear of retaliation. In a party mood, meaning and double-meaning assuages is passed â€Å"without notice† of ruling power of politics and church.Wear crucifixes, to have a Christmas tree and Virgin Mary and Christ statues are key symbols that represent the Brazilian dept into Christianity. Christianity has such great impact in the Brazilian values that is the â€Å"Christ of Redeem† in ROI De Jeanine was voted as â€Å"One the Seven Wonders of the World†. The Christ of Redeem is probably one of the most popular symbols ac ross the country. In most cities, the main church (Cathedrals) holds that symbol. For example, the city where I am from, America, with a total height of 23. 80 meters 3. Mister It was marred by several challenges, such as; weak human resource, reports of alleged anti-competitive behavior in form of abuse of the dominant position and poor infrastructure among others thus creating the need for liberation's. The vaporization of this industry broadly aimed at improving the spread and affordability of modern and quality telecommunication services and this was to be achieved by encouraging participation of private investors in the development of the industry, expanding the variety of communication services available in Uganda among others.Currently, liberalizing as led to the establishment of a well-managed industry with new operators. From around 2002, the CIT developments in the country began to improve rapidly, marked by some regulations. There has been increased competition among players which has positively affected the quality of services provided and increased coverage nationwide among others. This has also resulted in reduction in service prices though th ey still among the highest in the whole Africa. Therefore this evaluation will focus on assessing the impact of liberation of the telecommunication industry.For the purpose of this evaluation, the following definitions used; 1. 1 Description of the telecommunications Industry in Uganda A telecommunications service is taken to be the relaying of messages of any form (voice or data) over communication infrastructure between a sender and a receiver. (Uganda Communications Uganda can be categorized into the following; Voice telephony: This comprises local, national (long-distance), and international calls. The two technologies employed in Uganda for providing these services are fixed-line (landlines and fixed-wireless) and mobile cellular (wireless) among others.Fixed-Line; this is further subdivided into two categories as; Landlines services: A landlines network – also referred to as a Public Switched Telephone Network (EST.) – connects all customers through a series of t ransmission and distribution lines. Telephone exchanges move calls throughout the network. Fixed wireless, fixed wireless technologies provide telecommunications service without the use of wires or cable. This includes payphone booths, the predominant fixed wireless service in Uganda.While other versions of this technology including very high frequency Wireless Local Loop and point-to-point microwave arrives, have been successfully deployed in rural areas in several developing countries, they are only recently being adopted in Uganda. Mobile Cellular; this is a combination of wireless voice telephony with mobility. All mobile cellular service in Uganda is based on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. GSM has become the dominant technology worldwide for digital wireless telecommunications. Con One Research, Inc. N association with SEG 51 Data; data Services in Uganda generally refer to fax, Internet Access and virtual private networks (VPN). More enhanced and data-intensive services such as video- nonfreezing are not commonly available. Fixed line landlines services; consumers with access to landlines voice telephony have narrowed (beginning at speeds of 9. 6 Kbps or 14. 4 Kbps and upwards to 33. 6) data services through dial-up. Fixed wireless; this service requires a stationary terminal at the customer premise connecting to the service provider through airwaves (point-to-point microwave or spread spectrum).Mobile operators in Uganda are using their GSM networks to provide fixed wireless data services in some areas. Narrowed (generally not exceeding 9. 6 Kbps) data services are available in this way. High speed fixed wireless services (64 Kbps and 128 Kbps) are available in Kampala using frequency hopping spread spectrum technologies. This service is being used by operators and their customers to create VPN for large businesses with several offices in Kampala. Mobile Cellular; mobile cellular offerings in data currently include 9. 6 Kb ps or 14. 4 Kbps transmission, mainly for SMS (short messaging service).There has been some Internet access, but speeds are slow. Higher generation mobile cellular data services such as GAPS, EDGE, and G services are not available. Very small aperture terminal (VAST); VAST service sends ND receives data (and voice) transmission to and from satellite earth stations. The satellites are incorporated into global telecommunications networks and provide satellite-based communications to geographically dispersed locations in Uganda and throughout the world. Customers pay for VAST equipment located at their premises and also pay service provider fees. 3. Value Added Services Payphones; these are fixed-line, UN-staffed stations available to the public. They accept either coins or phone cards as payment. In rural areas, they normally appear in trading centers. Phone sharing; this is the service of providing an owned (most often mobile cellular) phone to customers for a fee. It's essentially a very short-term rental service. Because it is often not economical. Particularly in rural areas, for residential users to own phones, this has become a very popular service in Uganda, and has taken on a wide variety of forms.Computer sharing; this is the service of providing computer terminals with access to the Internet. The most popular form is the cyber cafe ©, which often provides not only computers and Internet access, but also additional products and services such as food, fax, entertainment and even computer training. Many cyber cafe ©s have recently emerged in Uganda, mostly in Kampala. FM Radio; this is a form of non-interactive CIT that is particularly important for reaching out to rural residents, particularly those unable to access other services. More than 100 stations have become established in Uganda.Many of these are local language stations based in small urban centers, but with primarily rural coverage, providing a range of information important to the poor suc h as health education, family planning, commodity prices in local markets, civic education, etc. They incorporate an interesting mix of private, immunity, Non-Government Organization and donor sponsors. Television; this is also a form of non-interactive CIT that is used to transmit moving visual media. Televisions are used to view various subscriptions and non- subscription based programming, movies (via an additional media player).Television stations have increased from the one TV- CITY to over ten stations though most of them are operated in urban areas rural areas get good transmission of some them. Solutions and add-ones; this is the service of improving the functionality of core services by assistance, training, problem solving and the layering of additional features onto a ore service (e. G. , dial-up connectivity to an ISP, network security, web and mail hosting, etc. ). This is not yet a big market in Uganda, it is predominantly in urban centers.However; with the liberation' s in Uganda, an operator of such telecommunications services must obtain either one or all of the following service licenses; Public Service Provider (SSP) License, Public Voice and Data License, Capacity Resale License, Public Infrastructure Provider License (PIP) and a General License. And these are provided by the Uganda Communications Commission 1. 2 The Objectives of Impact Evaluation Development Assessment Committee (DACCA-COED, 2001) defines impact evaluation as the positive and negative primary and secondary, long term effects produced by a development intervention.This may be direct or indirect as well as intended or unintended. This should be informed by clear and realistic objectives. Therefore, the objectives of the impact evaluation of the liberation's of the telecommunications industry in Uganda shall be informed by the following objectives. 1. 2. 1 Overall objective of Impact Evaluation The overall objective of the Impact Evaluation (E) of the liberation's of electrif ication industry in Uganda is â€Å"To establish the impact of liberalizing following specific objectives. 1. 2. 2 The Specific Objectives 1 .To assess the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication sector in Uganda on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. To establish the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on the pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda 3. To establish the effect of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector 4. To assess the effect of liberation of the telecommunication industry on the level of innovation in the industry. . 3 The Hypothesis The following assumptions have been advanced to determine the above objectives. These include; 1 . Liberation of the telecommunication industry has greatly impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. Liberation of the telecommunica tion industry has had a positive impact on pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? 3. Liberation of the telecommunication industry has positively affected direct and indirect budgetary allocation by government to the sector 4.Liberation of the telecommunication industry has to a great extent affected the level of innovation in the industry. 1. 4 The Theory of Change The achievement of the programmer impact will be based on the following theory of change as illustrated in the diagram below. 1. 5 Evaluation Questions: 1 . How has the liberation of the telecommunication sector impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products? 2. What impact has the liberation of the telecommunication industry had on the pricing ND quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? . What effect has the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry had on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector? 4. To what extent has liberation of the telecommunication industry affected the level of innovation in the industry? The Logic Model 1 . Percentage coverage of telecommunication infrastructure nationwide 2. Proportion of households with access to telecommunication services 3. Proportion of households with access to uninterrupted connection time and service 4. Proportion of budgetary allocation to the telecommunication industry 5.Percentage of increase in innovation in the telecommunication industry 1. 7 The Evaluation Design and Method The evaluation will adopt both quantitative and qualitative approaches. However, more emphasis will be put on the qualitative approach which provides in-depth and reliable information that will be used to explain quantitative findings. Nevertheless, it has its own shortcomings for example generalization cannot be done using qualitative data. This limitation will be catered for by the quantitative method.With regards to the evaluation design, the evaluation will adopt the n on-experimental sign taking on the longitudinal design in particular which will be carried out after every three years. The non-experimental design also known as descriptive designs was selected because it provides an extensive description of the relationship between an intervention and its effects which will greatly suit the evaluation to be undertaken. In particular, the propensity score matching evaluation method will also be used adopted.This will involve the creation of the best possible artificial comparison groups by matching large data sets and heavy statistical techniques. With this, for each unit in the treatment group and in the pool of non-enrolled units, the probability that a unit will enroll in a program based on observed values will be computed. Once the propensity score is computed then the units in the treatment group will be matched with units in the pool of non-enrollees that have the closest propensity score. The difference in outcome between the treatment or en rolled units and their matched comparison units will produce the estimated impact of the program.The Sampling method/technique With regards to the sampling technique, the evaluation will use both probability and UT the study population and these include; (I) Purposive sampling; this will be used by the evaluator to identify key respondents that have information on the topic being evaluated and this information will be used to enrich the evaluation. Also, Purposive sampling will be used to select 2 districts from each clustered region using population density as the basis where we will select one district from each region with a high population density and one with a low population density.Cluster sampling; using cluster sampling, the evaluator will be able to cluster the area under valuation which is the whole country into 7 regions which are; the central, western, southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region. The same sampling method will also be used to clu ster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas. (iii) Lot quality sampling (LOS); the sampling method will be used to cluster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas as recommended by the LOS method where, a sample of 19 households as recommended by LOS will be selected from each of the purposively selected districts.This according to the LOS method gives the highest confidence level. ‘v) Simple random and systematic random sampling; simple random sampling will be used to randomly select the first interview location, thereafter; systematic sampling will be adopted to sample subsequent households that will participate in the survey from the random number table. Sampling procedure Since the study is covering the whole country, the evaluator will cluster the districts into 7 regions. These include the Central, Western, Southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region.Multi-stage cluster approach will be adopted and two districts purposively selec ted from each region. In particular, two districts will be selected from each region basing on the population density where districts with the highest and lowest population densities will be purposively selected to determine the level coverage in the two scenarios. Five supervision areas will be identified from each district. This will involve combining parishes to form five supervision areas in case of districts with less or more sub-counties.A total 19 samples will be drawn from each supervision area and samples drawn at parish level. The cumulative population of the district will be divided by the sample number f households (19) as recommended by the LOS method which will give the sample interval. When this is obtained, the obtained sample interval will be used to identify the first household from the random table where a value will be read and used to compare to the listed household list. To then get the subsequent interview or household the evaluator will add the sample interva l to the first identified listed household.The Sample Size For the survey technique, the sample population which are the households will be selected from the 7 regions mentioned above where from each district a total of 95 should will be sampled that is 19 households from each of the 5 clustered supervision areas. In all, a total of 1,330 households will be sampled to participate in the evaluation. 1. 8 Evaluation data collection Methods The evaluation will use both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will mainly involve field data collection whereas secondary data will be obtained from review of published documents.In particular, the following methods will be used; administered to households that will be systematically selected to participate in the evaluation. Development of the questionnaire will involve all the relevant parties who ill identify important issues to be covered in the evaluation. Key Informant Interviews; this will be done face to face with purposive ly selected respondents that are knowledgeable about the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry. It will provide sufficient descriptive information and will be carried out using a short interview guide.Recording: this will be used to record responses provided by the purposively selected key informants. The recordings will then be transcribed into notes which will be used in the analysis process. Documentation; the evaluator will include data from various published sources or documents. In doing this, the evaluator will first try to verify to ensure that data to be used in the evaluation was properly collected with accuracy Observation; there will be observation made with regards to confirming whether cables have been laid to confirm responses provided like infrastructure in form of for example optic cables, network availability and so on. . 9 Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting For the quantitative approach, this process will involve; organizing data, calculating and int erpreting the data obtained. The evaluator will begin by organizing all questionnaires to check for completeness, accuracy and assign a unique identifier to each questionnaire. The evaluator will then go on to define the correct responses and then code them accordingly.Once this is done, data will be entered in to computer; analyses using the SPAS package and calculations will be made to describe the raw data where measures of central tendency will mainly be used to determine performance of each indicator. The information will then be interpreted and presented using tabulations, maps, pie- charts and so on. For qualitative approach, analysis of evaluation data will begin from the field where arioso observation and analytical insights will be noted and unclear responses clarified.This data will then be safely stored. Once the evaluator leaves the field, the collected data will be read and themes, categories identified and coding done. From this, data will then present in an evaluatio n report which will be disseminated to various stakeholders. 1. 10 Ethical Considerations The process of impact evaluation requires guidance and adherence to ethical standards of the utmost importance. The evaluation team will ensure strict adherence to these standards including. In particular, the following will be observed;